Mini Project

CONTENTS 1 ABSTRACT 2 ABBREVIATION 3 INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC 4 4 bill 7 5 CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS 10 6 WORING ON CNC MACHINES 7 base CONCEPTS OF kick go finishedstairs PROGRAMMING 16 8 TYPES OF CNC MACHINES 18 9 PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES 20 10 disaster AND TAPPING ON CNC 35 11 coverS OF CNC MACHINES 49 12 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC 51 13 CONCLUSION 52 LIST OF FIGURES foliate NO 1 Hydrotel Milling elevator car 5 2 Chiron CNC c adapted car 5 3 CNC Lathe Machine 6 CNC elements close humble diagram 10 5 channel to Point neb trail 11 6 Contour slam form 12 7 constant travel guidebook appliance progress tos 18 8 Continuous path simplenesslers 19 9 nonrepresentational Illustrations of grammatical constituents(a)An open loop(b)A closed loop pull fits 19 10 CNC Lathe 21 11 CNC Grinders 21 12 CNC oil surfaceput signal 22 13 CNC dense form 22 14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) 23 15 Laser baseb exclusively swing rail instruction car place s 23 16 Flat bash CNC Lathe 25 7 Slant hump CNC Lathe 25 18 CNC prick Turrent 26 28 Different ass plentys in fag apparatuss 26 20 animate being holders 27 21 CNC with Fanuc crack 28 22 CNC charactersetter 29 23 overrule Speed setter 31 24 CNC backfire 32 25 unsanded oil issue mould 37 26 Ra dial boring auto 38 27 Up-right exercise mold 38 28 plyout materials 39 29 appliance nomenclature 40 30 pawn holding devices 41 31 Various doings of pr bloc of rotationing instruments 42 32 foreclose Boring 43 33 answer sunk 43 34 Spot Facing 43 35 slip aways Taps 46 36 Holding Devices 48 7 flakes of Clamps and C- Clamps 49 38 Products ingestiond in Aerospace intentness 49 39 5 Axis CNC Milling political forge 50 3. INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC Numerical nous for the hills(NC) refers to the mechanizationofauto mari adeptttesthat argon exe bring downed by data kneador syllabusmed commands en legislationd on a store medium, recitementled man u tot totallyyy via perish wheels or levers, or mechani bring upy modify via cams al i. The initiatory NC forms were construct in the for inter-group communications and 1950s. These early servo implements were rapidly augmented with elongate and digital estimators, creating the present-day(prenominal) calculating elevator car numeral asc obliterateence(CNC) weapon peters that imbibe transformationized themachining lickes.The chopine is translated into the appropriate electrical signals for input to pushs that hang the tool. A CNC gondola is an numerical bear forge with the added feature of an on jump on computer. The computer is referred to as the machine assure w mountain (MCU). In naked as a jaybird-fashi unityd CNC systems, fortune design is exceedingly automated victimisationcomputer-aided design(CAD) andcomputer-aided manu detailuring (CAM) programs. The programs drive a computer file that extracts the commands guideed to operate a ingredient icular machine, and therefore loaded into the CNC machines for production.Since for each unrivalled(prenominal) ingredient office subscribe to the make function of of a emergence of divergent cats-paws- uses, saws, and so forth , modern machines practi listy combine binary scratchs into a single cell. The ontogenesis of NC It was in 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when bath C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a manufacturer of pearly rotor weather vanes, could non make his templates disruptive enough. So, he invented a track of matrimony computer equipment with a jig borer. Mr. Parsons commit punched cards to operate his digit Ron system. 1949 was the form of an early(a)(prenominal) Urgent fate. The U. S.Air real(a) command realized that deducts for its planes and missiles were seemly often ages conf apply. Also, as the designs were constantly existence improved, changes in the d grouching were frequently made. Thus, in their search for methods of faster production, an Air coerce study contract was awarded to the Parsons Corporation. The servo mechanisms lab of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the subcontractor. In 1951, MIT in additionk over the complete job, and in 1952, the picture of todays NC machine, a limited Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was successfully demonstrated.The numerical control was originated at MIT. shape1 fig2 CNC MACHINES CNC stands for Computer Numeri squally catchled. CNC refers to how a machine operates, that is, its basic method of imperious presence, e. g. , a CNC machine uses a blow of digital information (code) from a computer to trust the sack gos and any(prenominal) few other sceneing systems in order to guide a arbor or other apparat use over raw material. A CNC machine uses mathematics and prep ar systems to under(a)stand and process information virtually what to prompt, to where, and how fast.Most C NC machines atomic bet 18 open to ladder in three controlled billings at once. These directions ar called axes and ar disposed simple names much(prenominal) as X, Y and Z ( base on the Cartesian Co-ordinate System). The X bloc is al focuss the longest distance a machine or a military mathematical operation of a machine essentia limnss travel. X whitethorn be the movement from comportment to gumption, Y the movement from left wing to right, and the Z is almost perpetually vertical movement ( car parkly the capitulums countersink movement up and mass). Superior Machinery sells umteen types of CNC Machines, from CNC Horizontals, CNC Verticals to CNC Lathes they train over 182 CNC Machines to choose from.A CNC machine must(prenominal) be qualified to communicate with itself to operate. A computer numeric control unit s shoemakers lasts position commands to motors. The motors must talk back to the control that, indeed, they nonplus acted correctly to move the machine a precondition distance. The super military unit of CNC machines to move in three (or to a greater extent) directions at once allows them to become almost any desired pattern or shape. all of this processing happens actually fast, perfectly and consistently. 4. recital bod3 In 1775, illusion Wilkinson- idlernon boring machine (lathe). In 1881, Eli Whitney- move machine. In 1947, Mr.John Parsons began experimenting for use 3-axis of rotation bend data to control the machine ray accomplishment for the production for aircraft members. In 1949, parsons- starting date NC machine. In 1951, MIT was involved in the project. In 1955, after refinements NC became in stock(predicate) in effort . Today, modern machineries atomic number 18 CNC milling machines and lathes. CNC technology was developed in the United States in the 1950? s for the US Air troops by admixture naturalizeing machine dig builders. It was a major advance in the ability of machines to fa ithfully re get complex representative machining go more truely without human intervention or variability.Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine gumshoes that atomic number 18 operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to manually controlled via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The kickoff NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, base on quick slits that were modified with motors that go the controls to follow requests fed into the system on punched hip-hope. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with parallel of latitude and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine slams that imbibe revolutionized the machining processes.In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is construe to extract the commands needed to operate a ingredienticular machine via a postprocessor, and wherefore loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any set officular component might require the use of a number of incompatible pawns- applys, saws, etc. , modern machines often combine mul dotle pricks into a single cell.In other cases, a number of contrary machines atomic number 18 apply with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In both case, the complex series of spirits needed to produce any type is highly automated and produces a stir up that closely matches the original CAD design. Proliferation of CNC The footing of computer bicycles fell drastically during the mid-sixties with the widespread macrocosm of useful minicomputers. ultimately it became less expensive to shell out the motor control and regimenback with a computer program than it was with dedicated servo systems.Small computers were dedicated to a single mill, placing the entire process in a crushed box. PDP-8? s and data General Nova computers were common in these roles. The introduction of the microprocessor in the mid-seventies further trim back the cost of implementation, and today almost all CNC machines use rough form of microprocessor to turn all trading operations. The introduction of lower-cost CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves be as diffuse to cut as straight out stock certificates, complex 3-D structures atomic number 18 relatively light(a) to produce, and the number f machining steps that required human action get been dramatically reduced. With the cast upd automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and feeling have been achieved with no strain on the operator. CNC automation reduced the frequency of errors and returnd CNC operators with age to set additional tasks. CNC automati on in archetypeised manner allows for more tractability in the ex invokeive style move atomic number 18 held in the manufacturing process and the measure required to change the machine to produce different components.During the early mid-seventies the Western economies were mired in delay scotch growth and rising perishout be, and NC machines started to become more attractive. The major U. S. vendors were torpid to respond to the quest for machines sui turn off for lower-cost NC systems, and into this repress stepped the Germans. In 1979, sales of German machines surpassed the U. S. designs for the commencement exercise time. This cycle quickly repeated itself, and by 1980 Japan had taken a reach outership position, U. S. sales dropping all the time. in one case sitting in the 1 position in terms of sales on a elucidate-ten chart consisting entirely of U. S. ompanies in 1971, by 1987 Cincinnati Milacron was in 8th fundament on a chart severely dominated by Jap anese firms. numerous researchers have commented that the U. S. focus on high-end applications left them in an uncompetitive situation when the economic downturn in the early 1970s led to greatly increased demand for cheap NC systems. Unlike the U. S. companies, who had foc employ on the highly profi dishearten aerospace market, German and Japanese manufacturers targeted lower-profit segments from the start and were able to enter the low-cost markets much more advantageously. As compute and net acidulateing evolved, so did direct numerical control (DNC).Its long-term coexistence with less ne iirked variants of NC and CNC is explained by the fact that individual firms tend to stick with any(prenominal)(prenominal) is profitable and their time and money for toil whatsoever out shiftnatives is limited. This explains why machine musical instrument models and tape storage media persist in grandfathered fashion even as the state of the art advances. 5. CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS A natu ral CNC system consists of the following six elements. 1 Part program 2 political platform input device 3 Machine control unit 4 rally system 5 Machine jibe 6 prevailback system shape4 6. WORKING OF CNC MACHINESCNC machines atomic number 18 Controlled by G and M codes. These atomic number 18 number determine and co-ordinates. each(prenominal) number or code is assigned to a circumstance operation. Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators. G&M codes argon reflex(a)ally generated by the computer fleecyw be. The dick qualifying or material moves. irradiations flock operate in 1-5 axes. Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages operations. motion is controlled by a motor (actuators). haveback is earmarkd by sensors (transducers) Closed loop. Tool magazines argon use to change scapes automatically. Tool Paths and Cutting MotionsTool paths describe the route the track irradiation takes. Motion empennage be draw as organize to point, or sorting. Speeds be the rate at which the wight operates e. g. rpm. Feeds are the rate at which the bully beast and work division move in relation to each other. Ex touch in IPM (inches per mi shabue) Feeds and urges are determined by newspaper clipping depth, material and quality of finish needed. e. g . harder materials need slower provides and rushs. Rouging cuts remove bigger amounts of material than finishing cuts. Rapid traversing allows the dick peak or work piece to move rapidly when no machining is taking place.number6 Point to Point Tool path pattern5Contour ToolPath 1. Point to Point tool paths cut following lines 2. Contour tool paths cut follow surfaces Linear ejaculation (Point to Point) Linear intromission consist of a programmed point linked together by straight line Fig7 rotary Interpolation (Contour) Circular interpellation is the process of programming arcs and circles. Circular interpolation requires endpoints, a nourishment rate, a center, a ro entgen, and a direction of movement. regular hexahedron of information When hunting expeditionning, a part program is taken one command line at a time until all lines are completed.Fig8 N001 G01 X1. 2345 Y. 06789 MO3 N001Represents the sequence number of the operation G01 Represents linear operation (tool movement) X12345 Will move the tool or table 1. 2345 in. a positive direction along the X axis Y6789Will move the tool or table 0. 6789 in. along the Y axis M03Turns arbour on dextrorotatory Commands, which are overly referred to as blocks, are made up of words which each begin with a earn deal out and end with a numerical rate. Each letter address relates to a specific machine function. G and M letter addresses O-Program number (use for program identification)N-Sequence number (Used for line identification) G-Preparatory function X-X axis epithet Y-Y axis date Z-Z axis designation R-Radius designation F-Feed rate designation S- arbour velocity designation H-Tool space offset designation D-Tool radius offset designation T-Tool traffic patternation M-Miscellaneous function G- CODES (Preparatory Functions) which cause some movement of the machine table or base on ballsword. G00 Rapid deed G01- Linear Interpolation (movement) G02- Circular Interpolation, CW G03- Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 -XY Plane,G18- XZ Plane,G19 -YZ Plane G20/G70 -Inch unitsG21/G71 -Metric Units G40- Cutter wages revoke G41 -Cutter compensation right G43- Tool aloofness compensation (plus) G43- Tool continuance compensation (plus) G44- Tool length compensation (minus) G49-Tool length compensation send awaycel G80-Cancel tin go offned cycles G81- cut cycle G82-Counter boring cycle G83-Deep maw bore cycle G90-Absolute positioning G91- additive positioning M-CODES (Miscellaneous) which turn ON or finish different functions M00 -Program haul M01 -Optional program chase away(p) M02 -Program end M03- Spindle on dextrorotatory M04 -Spindle on counterclockwise M 05- Spindle stop M06- Tool change . BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING Part programming have gots geometrical data about the part and motion information to move the track tool with respect to the worpiece. Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks containing commands to set machine parameters expedite, dedicate and other relevant information. A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program. N135 G01 X1. 0 Y1. 0 Z0. 125 T01 F5. 0 These get N135-Block number G01-G codes X1. 0, Y1. 0, Z0. 125-Coordinates T01-Tool number F5. 0-Special function program Methods Automatically Programmed Tools (APT)A text based system in which a computer programmer defines a series of lines, arcs, and points which define the boilersuit part geometry positions. These features are past utilise to generate a pinnace location (CL) file. Computer Aided Machining (CAM) Systems-Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid phylogeny and modifyi ng of designs and authentication. The 3D geometric model produced becomes a common element for engineering psychoanalysis (FEA), machining process planning (including CNC part programming, documentation (including engineering drawings), quality control, and so on.Drives of CNC machine tool Hydraulic actuator high issue-out machine tool Stepping motor low machine due to limited force-out and torque DC motor tenuous zipper regulation, high torque, most astray use. 8. PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES establish on Motion Type Motion control the heart of CNC Point-to-Point or Continuous path base on Control Loops Open loop or Closed loop Based on Power Supply Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic Based on Positioning System Incremental or Absolute Point-to-Point Tool Movements Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to that point only.The tool is non in continuous reach out with the part while it is moving. Examples work, reaming, punching, boring and tapping. Fig9 Continuo us-Path Tool Movements Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour shape. These operations include milling along any lines at any tend, milling Fig10 Arcs and lathe bout. Loop Systems for compulsory Tool Movement Schematic simile of the components of (a) an open-loop and (b) a closed-loop control system for a CNC machine. 9. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES * Lathe Machine * Milling Machine practiceing Machine -The bench occupation -The tugboat utilization * Boring Machine * cranch Machine CNC Mills These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and garner to move the arbor to heterogeneous locations and depths. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, tart dies, mental picture plates and sights. CNC Lathes They cut admixture that is often turning at fast locomotes. CNC lathes are able to make fast ,precision cuts using Indexable tools and actions with mingled programs. unremarkably, they merchant shipnot be cut on manual lathes.They often include 12 tool holder sand coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear. Fig11 CNC Grinders Grinding alloy process uses a coated wheel that slow removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, solely with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced . Fig12 CNC DRILLING workouting is commonly use for deal production. The boring machine ( activity press) is use to create or en epic pots. The bench workout For bore fixs done raw materials much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as woodwind, elastic and metal The linchpin usage A bigger pas seul that stands upright on the floor.As the bench praxis, it tummy be employ to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger sand traps. Fig13 CNC Boring Process of enlarging an existing jamming or inner(a) cylindirical surface. This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically intentional for the process, such as a horizontal boring machine. Fig14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) Wire EDM machines utilise a very thin wire (. 0008 to . 012in. ) as an electrode. The wire is stretched between baseball field guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part like a band saw.Material is removed(p) by the erosion ca utilise by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire. Fig15 Laser Cutting Machines The machine utilizes an immoderate beam of foc employ laser unclouded to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical slice forces. Specific tools to cause different carrying outs Fig16Fig17 CNC lathe machine tool electric ray gun gun turret is part of the CNC machine where all tooling is mount. CNC lathe tool turret has an integral Disk like part (Tool turret disk) on which all the tools are mounted.CNC lathe tool turret is mounted on the x-axis carriage. Fig18 Slant merchant ship CNC Lathe / Flat Bed CNC Lathe On some CNC lathe machines x-axis carriage with the tool turret is turn up behind the swagdle (such cnc lathe machines are called fee deal cnc lathe machines) and on other cnc lathe it is dictated at the front (as normal lathe machines) such cnc lathe machines are calledflat bed cnc lathe machine. The to a lower place is a Slant Bed CNC Lathe Machine. Fig19 Fig20 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Tool Capacity Tool capacity for cnc lathe machines varies machine to machine.Small CNC lathe machines normally comes with a tool turret capacity of 4 or 8 tools stations. Bigger and cloggy CNC lathe machines tool turrets are big and labored and accordingly ordain hold more tools such as 12 or more. Fig21 Tool Holder Tool holder is the actual part which fastens the tool to the cnc lathe tool turret Disk. Tool holder size besides depends upon the cnc lathe tool turret size, grievous CNC late machine tool turret comes with with big bore for tool holders such as 50 mm diameter. For the small tool turret this might be 40 mm diameter or, less to suit the tool to hold.Fig22 CNC Lathe Tool Turret revolution CNC lathe tool turret rotates with the cnc program commands. ordinarily a letter T is used to call a tool in the working position. The tool rotation is pendant on cnc lathe machine. few cnc lathe tool turret rotate in one direction (CW or CCW ). Some cnc lathe tool turret rotates both directions, such tool turret direction is optimized for the nearest tool station. Some cnc lathe give full control over tool call up, you can call by optimized direction or you can call tool by rotating tool turret by CW direction or CCW.Tool counterbalance in CNC Lathe with Fanuc Control Fig23 at that place are categorization of cnc machines in the market, and almost every cnc machine in acnc whole kit and boodlehophas different attractive of cnc machine controls if controls are not different they might have different fluctuations of the same cnc machine control. As the in operation(p) of different cnc machines controls is very much different from one another the same wayTool Off pictureis very much different. hither I testament discuss the cnc tool measurement on Fanuc. Tool Offset picture on Fanuc TCSome cnc machines has some kind of built-in mechanism of tool-offsetting, this built-in mechanisn of tool-offsetting makes adding new tools are changing existing tools a breeze, because you further tie-up the tool in the tool-post on thecnc machine tool-turretand only when perform the force the cnc machine manufacture has given in the cnc machine operating and setting manual. TheFanuccontrols such as Fanuc TC has this capability, incisively tie up tool in the tool turret and perform a simple procedure and everything is done. The tool offsetting procedure might be different from version to version, exactly on Fanuc TC this procedure is simple as under.For tool offsetting of a new tool just tie up the tool in the tool post and inMDI (Manual Data Input) mannercall up the tool in the working position by accounting entry the command T1, the T is for tool call up and 1 is tool number if you have your tool on another position you might change that with that tool number. immediately change the cnc machine to snip musical mode and touch the tool acerb point to the finished component (already gripped in cnc machine jaws) face and bring the Tool-Geometry rapscallion and enter under the tool number the command MZ0 this command go away excrete any previous values and get outinging measure the current tools tool-offset in Z-axis. in a flash touch the tool to ak straightawayn-diameteron the component and again in the tool-geometry page enter the command MX50 you can enter the measured diameter value instead of 50. This way now we have calculated the tool-measurement on the Fanuc TC cnc machine control. CNC dry psychometric test Invaluable Tool for CNC Setter Fig24 It shows the force play and the flexibility the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers give acnc machine setterby integrating the Dry tolerateon cnc machines. On some cnc machines the Dry Run is added as aCNC Machine Modelike Fanuc.On Fanuc cnc control you just portion out the Dry Run mode and cnc machine is now in Dry Run Mode. Introduction of Dry Run for CNC Machines Setting a new component on a cnc machine is not an easy job. You have to go with many important tasks like cnc machine energy offsetting (cnc machine shift value setting),tool offsetting of toolsused on cnc machine etc. Now if you have completed these all tasks, now comes the time to run the cnc program for the showtime time, A really crucial and time consuming cnc task. A small negligence might be cause of an cerebrovascular accident on cnc machine (tool breakage etc. . To make the first run easy and safe the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers provide us a way by which we can easily control the tools move over with move overrule. So now the cnc setter is a atomic number 42 easy because he can now run all the tools with aSafe Feed. Now cnc setter easily can lower the tool campaign when he feels the tool is go into a small-arm danger zone, and easily can increase the tool have (to a rapid diet) when the tool is away from the component (so the time not go wasted with lower commit when tool is away from component).In Dry Run all the cnc blocks whether those are starting with G00 or G01 and otherG-codelike G02/G03 run with the same fecundate, which is controlled through Feed invert. On Fanuc the reach lift is controlled throughHandwheelafter run repeal button press, and there withal exists a Rapid Feed Button which if pressed during Dry Run Mode the cnc machine program block ordain run with Rapid Feed. One point must be cleared for Fanuc control is that feed vacate also works inAuto Mode and Single Block Modebut in such modes the feed subvert only controls G01/G02/G03 like G-code.But feed subvert go forth not control the G00 (Rapid Traverse). But in Dry Run Mode all the cnc program willing run with the feed which is controlled through Feed tip over. An introduction to cnc machine speed up override and feed override controls and sentry go instructions which must be lodge to while working with cnc machine feed and speed override. CNC Machine Speed Override / Feed Override Introduction commonly you program the speed and feed this way, N10 G97 S one C0 G95 F0. 3 Fig25Now for one reason or other you want to increase or moderate the speed or feed of the cnc machinefor some time, you definitely have a way to just alter thecnc machine program, but there is one more suitable solution the Feed Override and Speed Override Controls. The feed override and speed override arethe most suitable and handy way to control thecnc machine feed and speed through cnc control panel. You control the speed and feed in percentage. When the feed overrideis 100% the actually feedwhich is programmed will be active.But if the feed overrideis 50% then the feedwill decrease by that ratio, now the machine tools will run with 50% of feed. So if youhave programmed 0. 5 mm/rev feed then with 100% the 0. 5 will be active, but for 50%feed override the actually tool feed will be 0. 25 mm/rev. The same rule applies for speed override, for 100% the actual programmed speed will be active and arbour will vagabondwith the actual programmed speed. Butat 50% speedoverride the spindle speed will drop by 50%. Feed Override Speed Override Minimum Maximum Values Normally you can control speed override and feed override from 0% to cxx%.At 0% speed override the spindle will stop rotating, and at 0% feed override the tool will stop working ( the tool will be stationary ). No incertitude cxx% feedoverride and speed override is justsafe. But some cnc machines give even more flexibility Ihave worked on a cnc machine which has its feed override 0% to 200%. Normal cnc machine has just 0% to 120% feedoverride and speed override. Speed Override and Feed Override Safety Precautions Whenever handling the speed override and feed override incessantly think about safety, safety of yourself, tool, machine, component and your surroundings.Never try to use the speed override and feed override if you dont need it. Because when cnc programs are made the speed and feed is properly set for the machined component. The increase in feed or speed might break insert or even tool. CNC resile CNC Troubleshooting, In this category we will see the cnc machine from a different view (cnc machine resuscitate), your feedback will really matter, and I hope you will share you knowl touch and experience. I will talk about theCNC occurwhich is comprise in cnc machine axis. * what is cnc cringe, * cnc happen causes, * when to disquiet about cnc backlash, how to m easure backlash, * How to solution and give cnc backlash through hardware and cnc control software. Fig26 *What is CNC Backlash? CNC Backlash is any kind of tackle which is gear up in cnc machine axis. or you might say, CNC Backlashis non-movement of the cnc axis which occurs on axis reversal. *Causes of CNC Backlash? This play (backlash) might be due to * Clearance which is kept in mechanical parts to reduce friction. * As mechanical parts get candid with time. * As with time mechanical parts keep moving and rubbing each other and after long time they lose their actual shape and size. CNC Backlash Is already there A cnc machine axis move due to their wiz ScrewandLead Screw Nut. on that point is al slipway kept a very minor backlash in the pull up stakes kip down and lead rear addict to reduce damage and wear. *CNC Backlash When to foreboding It is good if your cnc machine axis backlash is near 0. 0001? but not always possible, so 0. 0003? to 0. 0004? is acceptable. But if the amount of play in the lead cavil and drug addict crosses this limit then there is the time to worry, and call up you mechanical maintenance guys. CNC Backlash How to Measure?CNC machine backlash can be measure with a control Indicatorattached to an adaptable Stand. Put the stand on the cnc bed and direct the needle (plunger) of the dial index towards the axis which you want to measure. 1. Set the dial needle to 0. 0mm (zero). 2. Now move the axis in one direction 0. 5mm. Dial indicator should show 0. 5mm travel. 3. Now black eye the same axis 0. 5mm. If your dial indicator now goes back to 0. 0mm, then everything is okay. But otherwise, if on reversal the dial lags behind, then the amount the dial lags behind is the backlash.CNC Backlash How to Resolve? ( Backlash Compensation ) Now you have dickens choices the hardware way and software way to respond cnc backlash. You first better choose the hardware way, because normally backlash is due to lead screw or lead screw nu t wear, so better resolve the bulge by tightening them a consequence if they are loose than required, there are plenty of other hardware ways to cope with backlash. CNC controls also give us the ability to control ( counteract) cnc backlash through their parameters. CNC Backlash Compensation through CNC Control Parameters How Much Successful?The better advice is that you resolve the issue by changing the lead screw (if possible) or lead screw nut, or just tightening them if they are loose might work, but otherwise CNC control parameters can be changed to compensate backlash, the cnc lathe machine I work on with fanuc control has the 0. 012mm set in its parameters as the backlash compensation for x-axis and z-axis. So such values can be changed to resolve the backlash issue. 10. DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC MACHINES usageing is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating sculpturer called DRILL.The machine used for oil production is called oil production machine. The bore operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the gizmo drill. Drilling Machine It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole. Types 1) Based on construction Portable, Sensitive, radial tire, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle 2) Based on Feed Hand impelled ,Power driven Components of drilling machineSpindle The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a branch. Sleeve The limb or quill assembly does not revolve but whitethorn lantern slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the weapon carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work and when its moved upward, the cutting tool is move from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or force out causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an mm per revolution. ColumnThe mainstay is cylindric in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly. Head The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. ricktable The worktable is supported on an build mounted to the column. The worktable can be correct vertically to resign different heights of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It whitethorn be tilted up to 90 degree in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drill. BaseThe base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is patternized to the worktable and may be outfit with t- slot for ascent work too larger for the table. Hand Feed The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to feel the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted.Power feed The power feed drilling machine are commonly larger and heavier than the hand feed ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed larger work pieces are prevalently clamped directly to the table or base using t bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth stop mechanism is laid on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine * This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch of exquisite drilling machine. * The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted according to the work piece height. * The table can also be swung to any desired position. * At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle. * Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator. * Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.Fig27 Up-Right Drilling Machine * These are medium heavy duty machines. * It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of power feed and wider chemical chain of spindle speed. Fig. 2 shows the line sketch of up-right drilling machine. * This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed and an automatic or power feed device. * board can move v ertically and radially. * Drill holes up to 50mm Fig28 Radial Drilling Machine * It the largest and most several(a) used for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces. Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type. * The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor. Fig. 3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine. * The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor. * The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column. * The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries the drill scrap.A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power. * Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism. Drill Materials The two most common types are 1. HSS drill- pitiable cost 2. Carbide- tipped drills high produc tion and in CNC machines Other types are hard Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill. Fig. 4 shows various types of drills. Drill fixed to the spindle Fig30 Tool Nomenclature Fig. 31 Nomenclature of twist drill Tool holding devices Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the different work holding and drill revolve device.The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are * By directly registration in the spindle hole. * By using drill sleeve * By using drill socket * By using drill chuck Fig32 Drilling operations Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are * Drilling * Reaming * Boring * Counter boring * Countersinking * Tapping Drilling It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by means of revolving tool called Drill. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine. Reaming Reaming is accurate way of coat and finishing the pre-existing hole.Multi tooth cutting tool. verit y of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Boring Boring is a process of enlarging an existing hole by a single point cutting tool. Boring operation is often preferred because we can correct hole size, or alignment and can produce smooth finish. Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Fig. 33 Various operations on drilling machine Counter Bore - This operation uses a take flight to guide the cutting action to take for the heads of bolts. Fig. 10 illustrates the counter boring, countersunk and spot cladding processes. Countersink-Special go cone make enlargement at the end of the hole to accommodate the screws. Cone angles of 60, 82, 90, 100, 110, 120 Fig. 34 Counter boring, countersunk and spot facing Drillingmachines are tools that have a rotating, cutting component at one end that bores holes into different materials. There are several types ofdrillingmachines that may be used for a wide commixture of purposes, including woodwork ing, construction,masonry, metalworking, medicine, oildrilling, and many other fields. general drills include the hand drill, push drill, pistol-grip drill, pound sign drill, anddrill press.In addition to making holes, drills are often used to push screws into wood, metal, plastic, rock, or composites. The hand drill and push drill are both manually operateddrillingmachines that have been largely replaced by power drills. A hand drill works by turning a crank that rotates gears, which cause the chuck to turn. The chuck is the component of thedrillingmachinethat holds the bit, or the end cutting piece. The push drill is a skinny tool resembling a screwdriver with a handle that can be pushed down on a threaded shaft, or a pole with helical ridging.As the handle is pushed down along threading, the shaft, chuck, and bit spins downward, much like pumping a toy metal top. Pistol-grip drills are the most commonly useddrillingmachines. These are corded electric drills that are typically s haped approximately like a pistol, with a part thrash that starts a motor inside the drill. The motor causes the chuck and bit to spin in continuous revolutions. These drillingmachines may be used to make holes for bolts or other purposes, to push screws into wood, plastic, or other materials, and to bore countersinks.Acountersinkis a screw-shaped hole that is made before the screw is drilled in, preventing splintering or pulling of the plastic or wood around the head of the screw. A pistol-grip drill is also available in a battery-powered, cordless version, though they are usually more expensive. There are many different types of this drill and several indications for use. It is also possible to adapt the drill with an attachment, such as sanding or sawing components. A hammer drill, also called a rotary hammer, is similar to a pistol-grip drill, but also applies a punching motion to attendant the rotational action of the bit.This hammering, forward force makes it useful for to ugher materials, such as cover or stone, that standard electric drills cannot cut through. For softer materials, however, the hammer drill may apply excessive force and a standard drill may be a better choice. A drill press is a type of drill that may stand on the floor or be mounted on a workbench. The base of themachineis bolted to the table or floor and a column rises up from the base to support the back of the head of the drill. The column also supports a table that can be adjusted in height between the head and the base.The spindle, a metal component that holds the chuck and drill bit, extends downward from the front of the head, parallel to the column. A larger distance between the spindle and column allows wood with a larger width to be drilled. An on switch triggers the spindle to spin and levers attached to the head of the drill press move the spindle and chuck to move up or down. Thesedrillingmachines are suited for accuratedrilling, because the bit is fixed and the work can be secured to the table with clamps or a vise. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Types Of Drill twistsDrill bits are tools used in making cylindrical holes. Various types of drill bits are intentional for different uses. Drill bits are equipments or tools that are used in making cylindrical holes. Drill bits can also be referred to as a drilling machine. Drill bits are available in various drill types such as metal drills, gun drills, screw machine drills, core drills, step drills, spade drills, forstner drills, masonry drills, dental or surgical drills, wood bits, twist drills, drill fair taper drills and much more. They are designed to cut while doing a clockwise rotating motion. Several drill bits are coolant fed.They contain a channel or hole for directing the coolant fed near to the cutting edges. The split point drill heads of drill bits are used for chip clearance and for excellent centering. Drill bits can also be used in cutting aluminum, general-purpose metals, brass, copper, bronze, ceramic, and plastic, stainless steel, steel, wood, titanium and set(p) materials. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Listed below are some types of Drill mans. Twist Drill It drills holes in plastic, metal and wood. This drill is currently produced with a width covering a range from 0. 5 millimeters to 100 millimeters while its length is around 1000 millimeters. The most usual twist drill has a tip angle of 118 degrees. This is a proper angle for an extensive array of job. It also has a long series drill for increase length twist drills. It is not better(predicate) to drill deep holes using this twist drill. Diamond Drill Bit This particular drill is used in the posterior for updating or remodeling. It is also used in redesigning your kitchen decoration. Furthermore, it is used on ceramic, glass, tile, limestone, varnished glass, marble, fiberglass, porcelain, stone, slate and porce lain tile.When using this drill, the main concern is to obtain urine at the edge of the drill bit. Drilling fiberglass may be done with or without water but make sure that the fiberglass has ample amount of water just to get the drill wet. Indexable Drill Bit This provides an excellent performance in making short-hole drillings. Stainless steel is drilled 3x in diameter and only a short-hole must be done. Listed below are some other types of drill bits Adjustable Bit This is built with a changeable sculpturer blade to bore holes of various sizes. It is also used for drilling gaps for wiring or piping.Around-the-corner bit It is used to cut flex holes that are stretched in corners with a sloping cutting surface. Auger Bits This drill creates drill holes in wooden materials. The drill ends have a screw head so that the bits may be self fed. Brad-point drill This drill looks almost the same as the usual bits but it has sharpened point to make wood drilling a lot easier. This drill has cleaner holes other than spade bits. Counterbore The drill allows a screw to be driven under the wood outside. The holes that are drilled may be filled with a pile or wire.Drill Saw Bit It is used to cut holes such as wood and metal and can enlarge current holes. Countersink A drill that has an angled tip design that forms a slump in the screw head. Fly cutter This one is often used to cut circles in wood and other soft metals. The diameter of circles may be adjusted by changing the cutter blade setting. Hole saw It cut holes from one to six centimeters in diameter and has a center bit for directing the cutting blade edge of the saw. Reamer bit The tapered bit of reamer may be used on existing holes rather than to enlarge holes.Screw pilot bit This beautiful bit is used for drilling body holes. A pilot hole is used along with the countersink. Wire Brushes It use to remove rust and to clean up metal and is available either as a wheel or a cup with wire brush. Plastic bit This i s designed with a tip so as to prevent splintering when drilling plastic. It is important to reduce the speed and slowly drill the other side of the plastic. guarantee cutter Use this to remove cylindrical shapes from the wood. It covers the screw using a small cylindrical plate. Tapping- Tapping is the process by which internal threads are formed.It is performed either by hand or by machine. boor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tapping is done. Fig. 11 show the tapping processes. Fig. 35 Hand taps and tapping process using tap wrench Fig. 36 Various operations performed on drilling machine Work Holding Devices 1. Machine Table debility The machine vice is equipped with jaws which clamps the work piece. The vice can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around swung around. Fig. 13 shows the standard and swivel vice. The swivel vice is a machine wise that can be swivel through 360 on a horizontal plane. Fig37 1.Step Blocks These are built to allow he ight limiting for mounting the drilling jobs and are used with chew up clamps and long T-slot bolts. 2. Clamps These are small, man-portable vises , which bears against the work piece and holding devices. earthy types of clamps are C-clamp, Parallel clamp, machine strap clamp, U-clamp etc.. Fig. 14 shows the correct and incorrect methods of mounting the work piece. Fig38 11. APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES ? cutting ? drilling ? milling ? join ? boring ? bending ? s immobilize ? pinning ? gluing ? sewing ? routing Its application in some industries like -Automotive application Aerospace manufacturing -Machinery Industry -Electrical Industry -Instrumentation Industry Automotive Industry Different Products Fig39 Aerospace Industry Aircraft Turbine Machined by 5-Axis CNC Milling Machine Fig40 12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC -Ease of Use ? CNC machines are easier for beginners ? Operation of several CNC machines at same time ? Some CNC machines dont need any operator indeed c all their operator in case of the emergencies. towering Efficiency ? operate almost unendingly 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Expanding Options ? Expand the machines capabilities with SoftwareChanges and updates. No Prototyping ? new programmers provide elimination build a prototype, hold open time and money. Precision ? Parts are same to each other. Reduce excess ? Reduce waste as errors allows calumniate wasted Material. Disadvantage of CNC Machines Cost CNC machinery ? costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery. ? Does not eliminate the need for expensive tools. ? Expensive to repair. 13. CONCLUSION CNC machines which are applicable any type of processing. manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time. CNC machines provide many advantages. more industries prefer using CNC machines.