Compare and Contrast Person Centered and Cognitive...

Compare and contrast person centered and cognitive behavioural approaches understanding and making use of the counseling relationship Introduction This assignment is an attempt to discuss two different types of therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and person centered therapy and highlight some important similarities and differences between them. Cognitive behavioural therapy John Watson (1957) believed psychology should be concerned with the observable, as behaviour could be measured and influenced (McLeod, 2008). Skinner, (1953) cited in McLeod (2008), believed a person has a repitior of possible responses to a stimuli and they exhibits the response that is reinforces or rewarded (operant conditioning). The central†¦show more content†¦Cognitive distortions are overgeneralisation, dichotomous thinking and personalisation (McLeod 2008). These distortions reduce the persons ability to process information (Mcleod 2008). Research suggests that cognitive distortions are part of the way everybody handles difficult situations, therefore should they be regarded as causes of emotional problems? (Mcleod, Pg.145). CBT is concerned with actions that produce change using a structured program, table 1. (Mcleod 2008, 149) Table 1 |METHODS| 1|ESTABLISHING RAPPORT AND CREATING A WORKING ALLIANCE| 2|ASSESSING THE PROBLEM, IDENTIFYING FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY| 3|SETTING CLEAR AND SPECIFIC TARGETS OF CHANGE| 4|USING COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL TECHNIQUES | 5|MONITORING AND ASSESSING PROGRESS| 6|COMPLETION AND PLANNED FOLLOW UP FOR REINFORCEMENT| Within this model the counselor can employ a wide range of techniques to achieve the behavioural objectives agreed, these include - challenging irrational beliefs, rehearsing different self statements, experimentation of self statements in real situations and systematic desensitization (Mcleod 2008). Behavioural therapist work on changing behaviour and it’s assumed that changes in feeling and thinking will follow. ---- Person-centerd therapy. Humanistic therapy emerged in the 1950s as an alternative to behavioural and psychoanalytic therapy. Rogers is it’sShow MoreRelatedmodels and approaches relate to client need, therapeutic context and aims and objectives of the therapy.1106 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Through analysis and evaluation of models and approaches within counselling and psychotherapy therapeutic delivery, explain how models and approaches relate to client need, therapeutic context and aims and objectives of the therapy. Psychotherapists will be educated in various different models and whether they are approaching a client through the concept of observing external behaviours, the Behaviourist approach for example in which a therapist will look to condition new behaviours, or throughRead MoreThree Theoretical Approaches to Conselling2755 Words   |  11 Pages This essay will compare and contrast three theoretical approaches to counselling – psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Underlying assumptions Psychoanalysis assumes behaviours we display when we are adults are rooted in our childhood experiences and CBT assumes behaviour as a learned response. Psychoanalysis links childhood event and associated feelings to current problems which is similar to CBT where many of client’s schemas were created when he wasRead Morecompare and contrast three core theories of counselling2615 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Compare and Contrast the Three Core Theories of Counselling The British Association for Counselling’s Code of Ethics and Practice for Counsellors states that ‘Counselling may be concerned with developmental issues, addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crisis, developing personal insight and knowledge, working through feelings of inner conflict or improving relationships with others’ (BACP Ethical Framework). Throughout this essay I will illustrate the similaritiesRead MorePerson Centered And Cognitive Behavior Approach2192 Words   |  9 PagesPerson-centred and cognitive behaviour approach Introduction According to new research, diverse emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear are built on common building blocks of pleasure, displeasure and arousal. While previous research had focused on each of the emotions being a function of distinct and specialized brain circuitry, a scientist from the North-eastern University named Christine Wilson-Mendenhall would investigate the regions of the brain that are in common to said emotionsRead MoreCompare and Contrast Two Psychological Perspectives Essay1786 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and contrast explanations from two psychological perspectives. This essay aims to compare and contrast Behaviourist and Humanistic psychology by considering the differing theories these perspectives use about human thought, experiencing and behaviour. Behavioural Psychology originated in the late 19th to early 20th century and was concerned with the prediction and control of the observable, measurable, external aspects of human experience. Behaviourist psychologists rejected theRead MoreCbt Vs Pc2339 Words   |  10 PagesCBT. You will need to compare and contrast CBT with the person centred approach in relation to; a. The core beliefs b. The model of the person c. The model of psychological health and dysfunction d. The therapeutic process You also need to address the strengths and weaknesses of each approach in relation to the given case study reflecting on where particular aspects of CBT would be helpful to the person centred counsellor and where they would cause a conflict for the person centred counsellor e.gRead MoreEssay on Features of the Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Perspectives1557 Words   |  7 PagesPerspectives Outline the key features of the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives, and briefly compare and contrast their views on conscious experience, a person as an integrated whole, and the role of therapists in arriving at changes. Answer In explaining and predicting animal behaviour, different schools of psychology are of different perspectives; e.g. cognitive approach focuses on the mental processes, behaviourism is based on external stimuli and reinforcementRead MoreA Study Based Interventions Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder3343 Words   |  14 Pages Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Occupational Science and Therapy Paper Name: Evidence Practice Paper Code: 537333 Assignment Title: Family- Centered Play-Based Interventions of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Student ID: 1383124 Word count: 2748 Declaration - This assessment has been written by me and represents my own work. - This work has not previously been submitted by myself or anyone else. - All sourced information has been appropriatelyRead MoreResearch on the Cognitive Moral Development Theories of Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg2712 Words   |  11 Pages Running head: PIAGET KOHLBERG RESEARCH ON THE COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES OF JEAN PIAGET LAWRENCE KOHLBERG DONNA O. O CONNOR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE CARIBBEAN ABSTRACT The intention of this paper is to provide an overview of the psychological theories of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. While Piaget s perspective was psychological, Kholberg s viewpoint was psychological with emphasis placed on moral development and both theories will be compared and contrasted inRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desired

The Continuous Cycle Of Oppression - 887 Words

The continuous cycle of oppression of people thought of as â€Å"minorities† for their race, gender identity, or sexual orientation is an issue most Americans can acknowledge. Nevertheless, it remains an issue that often goes ignored is the internalized oppression many of these people face after growing up in a society that marginalizes them for existing. To illustrate this, Nubra Floyd, Michael Kimmel, and Regina Langhout discuss different groups of marginalized people in Group Development in a High School Adjustment Seminar, Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development, Masculinity as Homophobia, and Acts of Resistance: Student (In)visibility. Thus, we learn that from school to gender, despite the endless spectrum of variety, there is always at least one group of people marginalized for being different from the so-called norm. Through Floyd’s Group Development in a High School Adjustment Seminar and Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development the reader learns about the thoughts of students of color while in a classroom setting. Namely, due to an internalized sense of inferiority, students of color may often have rigid academic standards and expectations of themselves that impede them from speaking in classrooms. The internalized sense of not being worthy, as seen in Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development, programs dedicated to the individual growth of students of color becomeShow MoreRelatedEssay On Gender Oppression1507 Words   |  7 PagesGender Oppression Nelson Mandela once said, Freedom cannot be achieved unless women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression. What Mandela is trying to convey is that society is being restrained by social norms and gender roles. While today’s society is not as controlled by gender as Mandela’s, women still continue to be oppressed by it. In the reading â€Å"The Cycle of Oppression,† the cycle is explained part by part, and why it is continuous is discovered. The cycle remains continuous becauseRead MoreGender Roles : The Media And The Ideology Of Men891 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible to hold. In â€Å"Mixed Messages†, the relevance of gender roles are displayed through categorizations that the media uses to depict the different and many roles that a women must hold under the oppression of men as an object to society. Current media does not openly express the continuous oppression of women among society, but it discreetly masks this ideology through the portrayal that women should maintain their traditional roles. Magazines emphasize that women can aspire and achieve in beingRead MoreComparison Of Puerto Rican Obituary And Pedro Pietri967 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Minorities struggle to break free from poverty, due to the systematic oppression and racism established in America. There is an odd belief that granting minorities rights would allow them to instantly be on the same playing field as majorities. However, the various deaths and unjust sentencings that have occurred for decades, prove civil rights were not the only problem. Pedro Pietri’s Puerto Rican Obituary and Wanda Coleman’s South Central Los Angeles DeathRead MoreThe Media And The Ideology Of Men887 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible to comply with. In â€Å"Mixed Messages†, the relevance of gender roles is displayed through categorizations that the media uses to depict the different and many roles that a woman must hold under the oppression of men as an object to society. The media does not openly express the continued oppression of women among society, but it discreetly masks this ideology through the portrayal that women should maintain their traditional roles. Magazines emphasize that women can aspire and achieve in beingRead MoreHigh School Around The United States Is Debate Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol. He criticizes that some bodies will never have the access to anonymity because of the black aesthetic. This means using state action allows for whiteness to remain invisible and renders blackness as an attractor to violence and has a continuous cycle of gratuitous violence that Wilderson says is inherently bad. It is called Afro-Pessimism because Frank B. Wilderson III doesn’t believe that materiality change means anything for the black body i.e. black people. This creates an illusion ofRead MoreThe Black Skin White Masks By Frantz Fanon1664 Words   |  7 Pagesopenly. Which is why society has an understanding of the fact that racism still exist. Frantz Fanon uses colonization to explain how racism was cultivated in the past. Paulo Freire uses his study of the oppressed to explain how its hard to escape oppression. In Frantz Fanon’s book of â€Å"Black Skin White Masks† has insights into the psychological damage resulting from colonialism, self-denial, racism, in which provide a path for those of us still grappling with these issues some forty years after theRead MoreCultural Autobiography : My Life Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesroles between father and mother (household and income generating) and noticing the reinforcement of such roles in behaviors of other people in the society, I began to conceive how tasks were assigned differently according to gender. In article The Cycle of Socialization, Bobbie Harro points out how we are socialized to different social identities that we possess (47). Harro adds that first socialization is a process by which our families and relatives and other close members shape our â€Å"self conceptsRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1173 Words   |  5 Pagesduress.   This impacts both adults and children, but is normally seen as explicit when minors are involved.   Looking at the history, statistics, media and new technologies of sex trafficking, one may apply the Marxist conflict theory to the perpetuating cycle of the sex industry.  Ã‚  Ã‚   HISTORY   Human trafficking has existed for centuries both in and out of the United States.   While we know that slavery has been a root of human existence, history explicitly mentions slavery first around the 1400s. The PortugueseRead MoreTop Girls By Caryl Churchill1337 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary techniques are utilised to exploit the Beauvoirian idea of women â€Å"denying [their] feminine weakness† in order to justify their strength, while the â€Å"militant male... she wish[es] to be†. Additionally, the Marxist idea of â€Å"new conditions or oppression, new forms of struggle in place of old ones† is explore through Churchill’s text and literary techniques are used to support this idea. A non-linear structure emphasises the inevitability of Angie’s fate generating irony and pathos for her, â€Å"sheRead More Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause of color is morally and religiously wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Though King began his civil rights movement in 1958, he had the past to use as his basis for a plan of action. He could look in the past to see how other people tried to free themselves from oppression, what worked and what failed. By using the past events he could better empower his people to become independent. Throughout his lifetime, King worked hard to end segregation and try to break down the walls between the blacks and whites. He was faced

Radiation Definition and Examples

Radiation and radioactivity are two easily confused concepts. Just remember, a substance does not need to be radioactive to emit radiation. Lets look at the definition of radiation and see how it differs from radioactivity. Radiation Definition Radiation is the emission and propagation of energy in the form of waves, rays or particles. There are three main types of radiation: Non-ionizing radiation: This is the release of energy from the lower-energy region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Sources of non-ionizing radiation include light, radio, microwaves, infrared (heat), and ultraviolet light.Ionizing radiation: This is radiation with sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atomic orbital, forming an ion. Ionizing radiation includes x-ray, gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles.Neutrons: Neutrons are particles found in the atomic nucleus. When they break away from the nucleus, they have energy and act as radiation. Examples of Radiation Radiation includes emanation of any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, plus it includes the release of particles. Examples include: A burning candle emits radiation in the form of heat and light.The Sun emits radiation in the form of light, heat, and particles.Uranium-238 decaying into Thorium-234 emits radiation in the form of alpha particles.Electrons dropping from one energy state to a lower state emit radiation in the form of a photon. Difference Between Radiation and Radioactivity Radiation is the release of energy, whether it takes the form of waves or particles. Radioactivity refers to the decay or splitting of an atomic nucleus. A radioactive material releases radiation when it decays. Examples of decay include alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, neutron release, and spontaneous fission. All radioactive isotopes release radiation, but not all radiation comes from radioactivity.

How The Elderly Pay Their Expenses - 1812 Words

Knowing the basics of how the elderly pay their expenses is important to know for any healthcare student. I decided to pick this topic, because I wanted to have more knowledge about this topic, and felt I needed to fully understand the basics. I am glad I choose this topic, because I have learned so much. Social Security is the main way elders receive their income. This started in 1935, and in 2005, the average social security income for a man was almost $350 over the poverty level, and even less for a woman (Ferrini). In 2015, over 59 million Americans will receive almost $870 billion in Social Security benefits (Social Security Administration). I think social security is a great way for elderly to receive money. However, a lot of time†¦show more content†¦Another way elderly’s survive is by personal assets. This can be by savings accounts or home equity. For example, as a little girl I have always been taught to save money and I am glad I have been taught this lesson, because it is important to have extra money just in case. A lot of times people are not able to receive SSI or SS. Therefore, this is why having your own personally assets is important. However people may not have saved enough in order to survive, and are forced to work. But what happens to those who ar e not able to work? Some go to shelters, or become bums. Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA) is money set aside form paychecks, usually in stocks and bonds (Ferrini). There are some differences when it comes to IRA and 401k. Which I did not know of before I wrote this paper. What should be cleared is you may have both you do not have to just have one. Anyone who has earned income and is below the age of 70 can contribute to a traditional IRA, while only people who are employed at a company that offers a 401K can contribute to a 401k (FOOL). Some of the financing medical care I will be discussing are Medicare, Medicaid, (MediCal), US Department of Veterans Affairs, Indian Health Service, private insurance or out of elders’ pockets (Ferrini). There are four parts of Medicare. Part A is a hospital insurance, Part B is medical insurance, Part C is a private managed plan, and Part D is

How Does Same Sex Marriage Affects in Decreasing...

First, what is MARRIAGE? Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children. (From that statement, the word children are the most important thing in marriage, WHY? Because we all know having same sex marriage CANNOT produce a child) What is SAME SEX MARRIAGE? -------------- Decrease of population growth caused by SAME SEX MARRIAGE Extending the benefits and status of â€Å"marriage† to couples who are intrinsically incapable of natural procreation (two men or two women) would dramatically change the social meaning of the institution. It would become impossible to argue that â€Å"marriage† is about encouraging the†¦show more content†¦If these behaviours are incorporated into what society affirms as marriage, then fidelity among heterosexuals would likely decline as well. 6. Fewer people would remain married for a lifetime. Even a homosexual psychologist has acknowledged that gay and lesbian couples dissolve their relationships more frequently than heterosexual couples. The same Dutch study that showed the high rate of homosexual promiscuity also showed that the average homosexual male partnership lasts only 1.5 years. As the transience of homosexual relationships is incorporated in societys image of marriage, we can expect that fewer heterosexuals would maintain a lifelong commitment. 7. Fewer children would be raised by a married mother and father. Social science has clearly proven clearly that children do best when raised by their own married biological mother and father. Yet legalizing same-sex marriage would put an official stamp of approval on the deliberate creation of permanently motherless or fatherless families. As scholar Stanley Kurtz says, this would likely speed us on the way towards more frequent out-of-wedlock birth, and skyrocketing family dissolution. 8. More children would grow up fatherless. Most children who live with only one biological parent will live with their mothers, and lesbian couples are more likely to be raising children than homosexual male couples. Therefore,Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is overpopulation? Overpopulation has been defined as a situation where the number of people in an environment exhausts all available resources weakening its needed support. (Morse Mosher) For years there have been reports of how many people are expected to live on earth by the year 2050, 2075, and so on. However, the question remains as to whether everyone will have a secured spot. Today, in 2017 there have been plenty of fights with the scarcity of resources, where overpopulation becomesRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On The United States2305 Words   |  10 PagesPoverty in the U.S. with A Focus on Western Ma Especially Holyoke and Springfield Mass In the 1950s, the frequency of teenage births in the United States was already high, and since that, time has decreased, although the number of births outside marriage has increased. Thus, in 1990 the rate was 61.8 births, pregnancy rate - 116.9 per 1,000. The incidence of teenage pregnancy has decreased significantly in the 1990s. This decline is observed in all racial groups, but Teenagers, African AmericansRead MoreThe Moral Principles of Premarital Sex Essay3043 Words   |  13 PagesRunning Head: THE MORAL PRINCIPLES OF PREMARTIAL SEX The Moral Principles of Premarital Sex English 2 Katherine Fitch Madison College Author Note This paper was prepared for English 2, taught by Mary Sarko. THE MORAL PRINCIPLES OF PREMARTIAL SEX Abstract Over many years, the views of premarital sex have been becoming increasingly more tolerant. The whole reasoning behind why sex was created is lost in the minds of society and used for pleasure and own physical satisfaction. There areRead MoreThe Influence Of Age, Religion, And Intergroup Contact6284 Words   |  26 PagesOpinions of Same-Sex Marriage INTRODUCTION The subject of same-sex Marriage has made numerous headlines in the most recent years prior to and following the legalization of the union and acknowledgement of it by the U.S. Government on June 26th 2015 (De Vogue and Diamond 2015). Within the past 5 to 10yrs there has been an increase in support for what are commonly known as LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) family rights in the United States, including but not limited to allowing same-sex couplesRead MoreBlack Lesbian And Gay Families7002 Words   |  29 Pages Although marriage equality continues to be in the legislative and media spotlight, little attention has been placed on the significance of legalizing same sex marriage for Black families. This article will discuss the available research on Black lesbian and gay families, highlighting both the strengths and challenges these families negotiate. Focusing on the resources Black lesbian and gay families provide to the Black community, such as foster parenting and adopting Black children, mentoringRead MorePerceptions of Youth Towards Premarital Sex9892 Words   |  40 PagesYOUTH TOWARDS PREMARITAL SEX In-Partial Fulfillment of Master’s Degree Requirements MR. ALMON M. ALEGADO M.A. IN PSYCHOLOGY ARAULLO UNIVERSITY Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction Sexual feelings begin long before puberty. As noted by Ellis, Freud, and Kinsey (1996), very young children and even babies, two and three months old, have sexual experiences (both through self-stimulation and through handling, caring, and fondling by parents). Premarital sex is serious moral issue confrontingRead MoreChanging Structure and Function of Family: a Study of Indian Society3979 Words   |  16 Pages RELEVANCE No institution is more closely interrelated with other institutions than the family, but the direction of interrelationships is highly one sided. Other institutions affect the far more than the family affects other institutions. So it becomes important to study family from the perspective of changing society. INTRODUCTION Family,Read MoreEssay about Implications for Economic Growth11178 Words   |  45 PagesPopulation-Control-Policies and their Implications for Economic Growth in China Bachelor’s Thesis supervised by the Department of Economics at the University of Zurich Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Zilibotti to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Economics Author: Noemi Schramm Course of Studies: Economics Closing date: August 17, 2011 Abstract This bachelor thesis is giving an overview on previously performed research how family-planning-policies in China (explicitly the so-called One-Child-Policy)Read MoreFilipino Adolescents in Changing Times*10342 Words   |  42 PagesIntroduction Inadequate and inappropriate program strategies have hampered efforts to implement the Cairo Plan of Action in the Philippines. Shifting from the family planning and population control to the reproductive health (RH) and rights framework has not been generally effective and efficient for many reasons. These include a lack of common understanding of the action requirements of the RH framework and an insufficiency of current and relevant data on many aspects of the reproductive healthRead MoreCxc Mutipe Choice Questions13016 Words   |  53 PagesCommittees c) Industrial Courts d) Privy Council â€Å"Established in 1973, its immediate objective has been to provide relevant regionally and internationally recognized secondary school leaving examination†. To which of the following institution does the above statement refers? a) University of the West Indies b) Council of Legal Examination c) Caribbean Examination Council d) University of Guyana Caricom is an example of a: a) Unilateral Treaty b) Multilateral Treaty c) Bilateral

Ethical Issues Marketing and Management

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues for Marketing and Management. Answer: Introduction Ethical issues are caused by disagreement and lack of clear conflict resolution in marketing department, if left unresolved it may escalate to a broader misunderstanding leading to losses and frustration. It is hard to clearly determine ethical and unethical companies. Because most companies are ethical in a given area while on the other hand they are unethical in different section (Forbes, Goodman Dolan, 2015). Problems on marketing Due to rise on internet and social media, it is now easier than ever for data to be shared across a wider range within a very short time. Companies are now conducting their research using the new technologies which reduced cost but when the private information is hacked it can cause company to shut down. Customers are connected to companies via internet and give feedbacks on various products. However organizations may face major blow when people think that they are unethical thus rating them as poor performer, having a low rate review usually affect and reduce any chance for a buyer to pick the manufacturers product. According to Forbes, Goodman Dolan (2015), some advertisements may be of great beneficial to some people but it is viewed as unethical with others. Product like Condom may be seen as a way of controlling unwanted pregnancy, contrary on the other side it is viewed as promoting immorality in the communities. False Advertisements Current issues in Tourism is an article that provides elaborate explanation on advertisement that may be considered false, (Hays, Page Buhalis, 2013, pp.211).Buying a product thinking it will last for long as perceived by the manufacturer, however it end up functioning for a short period. This lack of consumer expectations drive away any future potential regular buyer (Hays, Page Buhalis, 2013). Stem cell research therapy is an article authored by McLean, Stewart Kerridge, (2015), which assert that Dove soap, is an example which can illustrate how it is hard sometime to be constant with ethical behavior (p1). For instance Dove soap had used super model to advertise its product on television which they intend to promote how girls view their body in a natural way. But they tricked viewers by hiding body marks from being seen. Ladies who choose to use this product will automatically have a different result to the one they show on the screen. Benefits for ethical on business Companies may slightly change how they do business or completely change to a new level. This is done when they have analyzed and believe this new strategies will generate a massive business growth. Domino's pizza had taken a picture of a real pizza with no photographic tricks and post them on advertisement bill board. This added more trust from their clients. Practicing ethical methods has more advantages compared to its disadvantages (Moodie, Sinclair, Mackintosh, Power Bauld, 2016). The Body Shop is one of the worldwide industry whose policies are practiced and used on daily routine when marketing their products. They differentiate themselves from their competitor, by fighting against animal cruelty and advocate for preservation of natural resources. Moreover, their employees are well paid with annual bonus and monthly health care contribution funded by institutions where they work in. Measures to regulate unethical behavior Oladinrin Ho ( 2016) in their article Construction and Architectural Management state that there is need for professional marketers to strike a deal to control and regulate adverts so as to have a fare interest on the wider citizens population, who are always confused on which companies is portraying the real truth (pp.75). Marketing ethic is an obligation which needs to be enhanced, and acted upon. Marketing field should run under proper governance from both the private and public sectors acting as overseers. According to Payan, Svensson, Wood, Singh Callaghan, 2015 in their article titled Proceedings of the 2009 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual ConferenceMarketing research aid a company to gather information about their competitors, consumers and broader business environment. With research data at hand is easier to curb any form of competition. Companies will be able to adapt and implement measures which are favorable to many people. All diverse section of community will be catered for, with minimal or even no complain, making a win-win on both parties, that is the user and the manufacturer. Ethic is a complex study which affects both large reputable industry and a small upcoming enterprises. In the article Green Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Business Practice,managers who strive to interact with their partners by building and maintaining a mutual understanding regarding business relationship, tend to have a positive reviews and later gain more fame in the region (Vijayan Kamarulzaman, 2016, pp 27). Consumer do have a deep degree of desire on corporations which respect an individual privacy. It is unacceptable when targeting vulnerable people by marketing unhealthy stuffs which are addictive and someone cannot do without, is morally unjust and is categorized as being unethical (Vijayan Kamarulzaman, 2016). In Australia, commercial advertisements are banned on televisions during childrens shows. Those advertisements had targeted mostly children who are under the age of accountability. They were misleading and promoting harmful substance like tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy foods. Companies are investing heavily to safe guard its image while campaigning positivel y in a just matter, to win audience from all scope of life. However buyers and seller have different taste on how they conduct transactions. Buyers put price and quality as a priority, while sellers settle to increase sells and accumulate profits. Pacific Brands in Australia come under tight criticism from the public who vow not to ever purchase any of their products. The Australian manufacturer bear the pressure and waited until negative image cooled and then it started popping out in a brand new way. Although it is hard to experience great losses, the stakeholders tried all they could to refurnish the companies glory (Walters, 2016). Data privacy is a vital thing to be looked at, for instance many people are not worried about their data being shared as long as they are given a bonus when they buy product (Webster Hume, 2016). Companies are left to decide how they use someones private data without anyone making legislations which will restrict the amount of data allowed to be shared by the companies. Data privacy is a global issue with many countries adapting a mechanism which will cope and prevent any further information linkage. Fixing prices is a total social unethical and ruined a healthy competions from various companies (Wood, 2015). Local citizens are incurring heavy cost burden, leaving people with no options but to admit the outcome of high cost of living. People will not lose their hard earning when companies have competition because, definitely the prices on commodities will reduce, thus favoring a poor individual who had less options to choose when shopping for the cheapest price and good quality. From the comprehensive article titled Tourism Management Perspectives, BHP Billiton is well known for mining, petroleum and metals in an Anglo-Australian multinational company having its headquarters in Melbourne, Australia (Zeng Gerritsen, 2014, pp 36). It abruptly cut down 1800 jobs leaving people in a terrible debt, forcing them to indulge in crime and other unlawful activities so as to make end meet (Zeng Gerritsen, 2014). This was a nightmare for creatures who depend on daily wages for survival. It was a massive tragedy in the countrys history. A good example of how bad and uncontrolled false marketing can deceive a wider society for so long without anyone raising an alarm or even having a doubt on its credibility. Top Australian government officials acknowledge the impact of businesses on the lives of its population. They are inseparable and they will always work hand in hand with the ruling government so as to achieve an economical mileage growth. Never will they dismiss the threat imposed by greedy self-interested organizations (Henningham, 1996). Moreover, they introduced a system which will be overseeing any development be it private or government projects. Most companies have its interest, they are not bothered with health or welfare of its employees. Workers were poorly paid with delay in payments. Working under harsh conditions without medical covers and doing hard task with no safety gears being put on, like safety boots, gloves or even dust mask. Purchasing products from ethical companies will help maintain the natural and promote a healthier Australian population for now and in future. Organization like AUSBUY was formed to represent business and prevent any malpractices which may cause harm to human being. It is a non-profitable organization showing no support in any political parties. Conclusion Ideally, it is very important to do research before investing on a product seen on advertisements. This will make you in a better position from being deceived. Furthermore, general public needs to be empowered and know their rights, what is best for them and have a sober judgment while choosing which product to be bought. Reference list Forbes, S.L., Goodman, S. and Dolan, R., 2015. Adoption of Social Media in the Australian and New Zealand Wine Industries.The Journal of New Business Ideas Trends,13(2), p.1. Forbes, S.L., Goodman, S. and Dolan, R., 2015. Use of social media in the Australian and New Zealand wine industries.Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker, (619), p.95. Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Henningham, J., 1996. Australian journalists' professional and ethical values.Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly,73(1), pp.206-218. McLean, A.K., Stewart, C. and Kerridge, I., 2015. Untested, unproven, and unethical: the promotion and provision of autologous stem cell therapies in Australia.Stem cell research therapy,6(1), p.1. Moodie, C., Sinclair, L., Mackintosh, A.M., Power, E. and Bauld, L., 2016. How Tobacco Companies are perceived within the United Kingdom: An Online Panel.Nicotine Tobacco Research, p.ntw024. Oladinrin, O.T. and Ho, C.M.F., 2016. Embeddedness of codes of ethics in construction organizations.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,23(1), pp.75-91. Payan, J.M., Svensson, G., Wood, G., Singh, J. and Callaghan, M., 2015. Comparing Codes of Ethics among the Top Companies in Australia, Canada and the USA. InProceedings of the 2009 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 3-3). Springer International Publishing. Vijayan, G. and Kamarulzaman, N.H., 2016. An Introduction to Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Business Implications.Green Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Business Practice,3, p.27. 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IRSE Accounting Software Package

Question: Discuss about the IRSE Accounting Software Package. Answer: Introduction IRCL is a local retailer that deals with the fast moving goods. The accounting package used by IRCL Company has been reported to carry a lot of inefficiencies in the operations of the organization. This necessitated some study to establish if it is really necessary to see possibility of implementing a better product. Analysis of IRSE Accounting Software Package. Why the current accounting system is not appropriate The ICRL in-house developed accounting software package is favorably suited for the companys operation and as such we can say is non-beneficial. The reason for this is its inability to support the companys large volume daily transactions and the data inconsistency and inaccuracy as reported in the case study. The system cannot support transactions of over 1000 orders in a day and this directly affects the companys ability to produce and hampers future growth. This further means that the company is most likely to fail in meeting customer demands which is disastrous to every business venture. Inconsistencies and inaccuracy of data in the inventory and sales databases could easily lead to the problems in overstocking or understocking. The ultimate effect would be failing to meet customer needs and possible loss of customer satisfaction. Having explored the above reasons, we can confidently affirm that this current accounting software package is not suitable for IRCL and should be replac ed for a better. Why IRCL need to invest in ERP ERP is a software that integrates all the business functions in all departments of an organization for efficient management. ERP helps a business manage the supply chain, inventory, human resource, procurement, finance, and product life cycle and other important components making up a business. Many businesses invest in ERP because of its ability to reduce cost, and enhance productivity. Some of the reasons why they are important are discussed in the following paragraphs. Since ERP integrates all integral parts of an organization, it helps decrease order-to-cash cycle. The order-to-cash determines how fast a company pays and receives payments for its goods and service. This is achieved since data flow from various departments are accessed and integrated together to complete a transaction and thus time taken to receive payments from customers is reduced. This increases a companys cash flow, (Premaratne, 2009) ERP is very scalable. Because of its integrated architecture, ERP system can be used across multiple geographies. A company with headquarters in different regions can still utilize the same ERP. For example, a company that uses ERP can have its warehouse in New York, the customer service center in Johannesburg and main office in Qatar. This is made possible by the ability of the system to present same data to all the offices regardless of the location. ERP also eliminates requirement that each location uploads, or extracts data to and from the central database. Data inconsistencies are eliminated here. ERP increases productivity. Since data are integrated from multiple departments and locations, a company can process order over short time, move product very fast, rapid invoicing of customers, and reconciling shipment without delays (Premaratne, 2009). This increases customer satisfaction and in return a wide customer base will be realized as well as a customer loyalty. ERP allows a company access accurate and timely information. This information may not have been available previously or it was just hard to get it with other systems. This information is more accurate as it comes from one source and also very relevant. Such information is very vital for making decisions concerning challenges that a business faces (Premaratne, 2009). Why Jenny need to be extra cautious with proceeding with the project One of the key reasons for project failure is poor governance. A project rarely starts without a sponsor. A sponsor is a person who has discovered a problem and is fully willing to be part of the solution and plays crucial role in ensuring the project succeeds. This can be through provision of resources with are important in ensuring a project succeeds (Montequn et al., 2016). Project is also surrounded with a lot of uncertainties. The two month time assigned for the project creates a real risk to development of the ERP. If time allocated is exceeded, Mr. Louise, the CEO, says that there would be no more funds to support the project. In this case, project will be left bending and likely not to be completed. Secondly, implementation of a system is a delicate stage that requires efficient management of risks, team and constant communication with stakeholders (Montequn et al., 2016). Ms. Jenny need to be cautious when agreeing to the project timeline to avoid blames at the end. I advise her to object the conditions since they would result into more problems. Traditional system development life cycle- a better methodology for use Traditional system development life cycle is a methodology that are mostly utilized by a team of developers working on a project. The methodology is comprised of five stages and one stage has to be completed before moving to the next. The traditional methodology fits the problem at hand as it focuses on deep understanding of user needs which ensures a flawless designed system thats satisfactory. Scenarios where users reject the new system is very minimal here since there is a constant involvement of system users throughout system development life cycle. Methodology also emphasizes on thorough planning so as to deal with high risks. There is also an excellent technical documentation that is produced as part of the deliverable. A good documentation is essential in system maintenance and makes the task actually very easy, (Ahimbisibwe, Cavana, and Daellenbach, 2015). Mr. Louse Tips Jenny about the $200,000 that the project will be allocated. In this methodology, it is easy to establish the projects total cost after requirements have been identified. It is therefore the best model which will help jenny estimate the project cost during the project early development stage. Outsourcing Methodology Outsourcing is an emerging methodology where a firm hires another independent firm to undertake its functions. According to Meehan (2016), Outsourcing refers to hiring an outside, independent firm to perform a business function that internal employees might otherwise perform. Outsourcing is an advantageous method of getting things done as it enables a company to enjoy services of highly qualified professionals that they may not be able to afford to employ. The outsourced company always boast of superior technological capabilities. Outsourcing is a cost effective way of achieving the desired goals since all projects work is shifted to a second party. However, outsourcing is not that best as it completely eliminates direct communication between the client and the company. The lack of communication during system development highly leads to dissatisfaction of the delivered system. Also, with outsourcing, a company loses control of its activities to the contracted company especially during implementation. Another danger arises whenever a contracting company terminates contract. The sensitive and confidential information is jeopardized. It therefore has to be deliberated in depth before using this methodology, (Meehan, 2016). Recommendations Based on the above presented facts concerning the scenario, I recommend that the IRCL Company adopts a new accounting system that will bring more benefits to the firm as has been enumerated above. However, enough resources should be made available prior to the project start dates. Mr. Louis has to commit himself to support fully the project management team for successful project completion. Word count = [1188] Reference Ahimbisibwe, A., Cavana, R.Y. and Daellenbach, U. (2015) A contingency fit model of critical success factors for software development projects,Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(1), pp. 733. doi: 10.1108/jeim-08-2013-0060. Meehan, C.L. (2016) Advantages disadvantages to Outsourcing IT,Small Business Chron, . Montequn, V.R., Fernndez, S.C., Fernndez, F.O. and Balsera, J.V. (2016) Analysis of the success factors and failure causes in projects:,International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 7(1), pp. 1831. doi: 10.4018/ijitpm.2016010102. Samaranayake, P. (2009) "Business process integration, automation, and optimization in ERP,"Business Process Management Journal, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 504526.