'Using Experiments To Identify An Unknown Compound Environmental Sciences Essay\r'

'Abstract. The intent of this experiment was to maculation the abstruse unite. The auditions that were d wholeness to influence the indivi sopranoity of the meld intromit qualitative solvability streamlets, quantitative solubility ladders, mensurating dissolver conductivity, anion and cation test, attempt attempt, and formation of hasty. It was open up that the deepen had no aroma, was meltable in weewee, and non soluble in toluene and acetone. The ions dissociated in the weewee, making conduction. When the ammonium hydroxide trial was per create no ammonium hydroxide odor was produced. The fl atomic number 18 up trial yielded a colour that matched that of Na heat content carbonate indicating that the unsung involved contained Na. The anion trial for chloride prove to be validating, ensuing in the perfumeming up that the transcendental obscure was atomic number 11 chloride.IntroductionThe group is employed by an Environmental Protection Agency to ind entify a compound in the landfill in your place town. The group mustiness similarly detect as m both chemical substance and visible belongingss of the compound as we can. We need to counterbalance two syntheses of the compound, and comp be them for cost effectivity, safety, and possible issue of the compound. To place the compound, the physical belongingss ( odor, colour, and province ) demand to be established. Next, the qualitative solubility of the compound was tested in H2O, methylbenzene, and propanone, which would perplex whether the compound would make it f solely out from rain down H2O or other chemicals that may be present in the landfill and make everyplaceflow. Conductivity was besides tested with a voltmeter in rig to find whether or non the compound would be unsafe when fade out in H2O. If the compound was conductive it would fade out in H2O and produce an electrical current. The irrupt trial was per organise to stipulate one of the elements. A solving of H2O and the component was used to dictate the nichrome outfit in, and so the nichrome wire is situated into the cut. If the fire produces a colour it is declarative of a authoritative metalloid ion or metal. A colour is produced in the fire when the heat of the fire changes the metal ions into atoms which so fuck off aroused and bring forth visible beam that can be seen with the bare oculus. It is besides of event to analyse the straw man of certain cations and anions utilizing trials that identify the presence of the anions chloride and sulphate, and the presence of the cation ammonium. The anion trials for chloride and sulfate prove to be dictatorial when a sportsmanlike sharp signifiers and the ammonium trial proves to be positive when an ammonium odor is produced. after all of the physical and chemical trials were per organise, a resultant role of the unvalued compound and a base of what was deduced to be unfathomed compound were reacted with an acrid ( azotic acid ) , a base ( potassium hydrated oxide ) , currency process, K sulphate, and K nitrate in order to find if they produce the comparable consequences. hydrometric filtration was so performed with the cognise and un cognise substance. A precipitate was formed utilizing Ag nitrate, which could so be weighed. subsequently the filtration procedure, the elfin-known compound was so synthesized to bring forth a per centum siding.Consequences shelve 1 visible Properties TestColor\r\nWhite\r\nState of government issue\r\nSolid\r\nOlfactory property\r\n no(prenominal)\r\nsolvability in Water\r\nSoluble\r\nConduction\r\n0.35 Vs shelve 2 Anion political campaignsTrials PerformedConsequencesTrial for Chloride\r\nWhite Precipitate Formed\r\nTrial for sulfate\r\nNo chemical substance chemical reply\r\nTrial for process\r\nNo Brown Ring\r\nTrial for change\r\nClear\r\nTrial for Acetate\r\nClear, olfactory propertylessTable 3 Cation TrialsTrials Performedchemical substance react ionConsequencesTrial for ammonium ion\r\nNH4Cl + NaOH i? Ammonium Smell\r\nNo Odor\r\nFire Test\r\nBright Orange/ yellow-bellied Fire\r\nSodiumTable 4 Chemical reaction TrialsType of Chemical reactionBalanced EquationChemical reactionAcid\r\nNaCl ( aq ) + HNO3 ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; NaNO3 ( aq ) + HCl ( aq )\r\n no(prenominal)\r\nBase\r\nNaCl ( aq ) + KOH ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; NaOH ( aq ) + KCl ( aq )\r\nNone\r\nDouble Supplanting\r\nNaCl ( aq ) + AgNO3 ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; AgCl ( aq ) + NaO3 ( aq )\r\nPrecipitate formed\r\nDouble Supplanting\r\nNaCl ( aq ) + K2SO4 ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; Na2SO4 ( aq ) + 2 KCl ( aq )\r\nNone\r\nDouble Supplanting\r\nNaCl ( aq ) + KNO3 ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; NaNO3 ( aq ) + KCl ( aq )\r\nNoneTable 5 Gravimetric AnalysisNaCl ( aq ) + AgNO3 ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; AgCl ( s ) + NaNO3 ( aq )\r\nVacuum Filtration Trial #\r\n center fieldming up of Precipitate Produced ( gms )\r\nPercent Output\r\nKnown Trial 1\r\n1.08 1\r\n88.18 %\r\nKnown Trial 2\r\n1.196\r\n97.56 %\r\n abstruse Trial 1\r\n1.211\r\n98.78 %\r\nUnknown Trial 2\r\n1.185\r\n96.66 %\r\nUnknown Trial 3\r\n1.170\r\n95.44 %Table 6 Synthesis Chemical reactionChemical reaction\r\nSum Produced ( gms )\r\n notional Output ( gms )\r\nPercent Output\r\nHCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) i? NaCl ( s ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter )\r\n1.971\r\n2\r\n98.55 %DiscussionFirst, the physical belongingss of the unknown compound were observed and recorded. It was found that the compound was crystalline in construction, a solid, white, with no olfactory property ( Table 1 ) . All of these belongingss project that the compound was bonce because dome compounds do non subscribe a distinguishable olfactory property and are solid at room temperature because of their high melt down points. The unknown compound was so tested for solubility in H2O, methylbenzene and propanone. The compound was soluble in H2O, bespeaking the compound was a polar or ionic compound, and no n soluble in methylbenzene or propanone which eliminates it being polar or nonionic. Therefore, this points to the compound being ionic. After the compound was dissolved in H2O, the conduction was tested with a voltmeter, which produced a electromotive force of 0.35 Vs move around outing that the substance is conductive since it is over 0.1 Vs. This far proves that the unknown compound was ionic since merely ionic compounds dissociate in H2O and make an electric current.\r\nThe fire trial was performed to find one of the elements in the compound. Four known compounds, Na heat content carbonate, Mg nitrate, Ca sulphate, and K nitrate were put at a lower place the fire trial to compare the unknown to. When the unknown compound was put under the fire trial it produced the equivalent colour as Na hydrogen carbonate, bright orange/yellow, bespeaking the presence of Na ( Table 3 ) . The ammonium trial was besides performed to put forward that the compound did non incorporate ammon ium hydroxide. No odor was produced when the unknown origin and Na hydrated oxide were assorted, and a odor would bespeak the presence of ammonium hydroxide. Therefore, the compound was proven to incorporate Na. When the anion trials for chloride and sulphate were performed, a white precipitate was produced from the chloride trial, bespeaking the presence of chloride plot of land the sulfate reaction created no precipitate bespeaking the absence of sulphate ( Table 2 ) .\r\nIn add-on, the unknown compound was put through a series of reactions along with what was believed to be the compound in order to compare the reactions to find if they produce the very(prenominal) reactions. First Na chloride, what is believed to be the unknown compound, and the unknown compound were reacted with Ag nitrate, which produced a precipitate because it was a dual supplanting that produced AgCl which is non soluble in H2O. Sodium chloride and the unknown compound were reacted with K sulphate but pro duced no reaction because the merchandises sodium sulphate and K chloride are both soluble in H2O. Sodium chloride and the unknown compound were so besides reacted with K nitrate, making a dual supplanting reaction which produces Na nitrate and K chloride, which are besides both soluble in H2O, hence bring forthing no reaction. When Na chloride and the unknown compound were reacted with an acid, azotic acid, but the presence of the Na chloride did non impact the pH of the azotic acid because it was an ionic compound. When the Na chloride and the unknown compound were reacted with a base, K hydrated oxide, there was besides no reaction or alteration in the pH of the K hydrated oxide because the Na chloride is an ionic compound. Both the Na chloride and the unknown compound produced the same consequences in any reaction further turn outing that they are one in the same ( Table 4 ) .\r\nOnce it was found that Na chloride and Ag nitrate bring forth a precipitate when reacted, the reac tion was used to bring forth a certain magnetic core of precipitate which was so used in hydrometric analysis to see if both the known and unknown compound would bring forth the same sum of money of precipitate. The reaction that was filtrated was NaCl ( aq ) + AgNO3 ( aq ) †& A ; gt ; AgCl ( s ) + NaO3 ( aq ) . The consequences from the known reaction were 1.77 gms of filter musical composition and 1.081 gms of precipitate entirely, while the theoretical getup was 1.225 gms. The unknown reaction has only to be found. The per centum output for the reaction was 97.56 % ( Table 5 ) .\r\nA synthesis reaction was the concluding trial preformed. The undermentioned chemical reaction occurred: HCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) i? NaCl ( s ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) . Once all of the H2O was evaporated out with the usage of a live(a) home base, the precipitate was able to be weighed and the per centum output could be calculated. The reaction had a percent output of 98.55 % ( Table 6 ) .DecisionAfter being employed by the Environmental Protection Agency, the group was able to place the compound in the landfill. After all of the trials and reactions were performed, it was found that the unknown compound was sodium chloride. Its solubility in H2O, conduction, and crystalline construction points to the fact that the compound is ionic. The positive fire trial for Na indicates that Na is one of the elements in the compound because it produced a bright orange fire. The positive chloride trial, when a white precipitate was formed, indicates that chloride is the second component in the compound. The unknown compound and Na chloride were put through the same reactions and systematically produced the same consequences, farther indicating that the unknown compound is sodium chloride. The gravitational analysis of the known and unknown substances provided similar consequences, endorsing up that the unknown substance was sodium chloride. The synthesis reaction produced a pe rcent output of 95.05 % .Experimental Procedure:Physical Properties TrialsThe physical province of the unknown compound was observed. This include the province of affair, odor ( utilizing the wafting technique ) , colour, and construction.\r\nA itty-bitty sum of the unknown compound was fixed in about 50mL of H2O and stirred to see if it would fade out.\r\nThe same solution was used for the voltmeter and the conduction was recorded.Anion TrialsChloride Ion TestApproximately 1 cubic centimetre of the unknown solution was hardened in a trial thermionic valve and 1 cubic centimeter of 6 M HNO3 was added. After that another 1 milliliter of AgNO3 was added. Whether a white precipitate was formed or non was recorded. If a white precipitate is observed, a chloride ion is present in the solution.Sulfate Ion TestApproximately 1 milliliter of the unknown solution was placed into a trial tubing and 1 milliliter of 6 M HCl was added. After that another 1 milliliter of BaCl2 solution was a dded to the same trial tubing. Whether or non a white precipitate formed was recorded. If a white precipitate is formed, sulphate is present in the solution.Cation TrialFire TestThe heat from the Bunsen fire was used to cleanse the nichrome wire.\r\nA diminutive sum of the unknown compound was placed onto the nichrome wire and held over the fire. The colour of the fire was observed.Ammonium TrialApproximately 1 milliliters of 6 M NaOH was added to 1 milliliter of the unknown compound solution. The cap technique was used to observe if there was any olfactory property. If the odor of ammonium hydroxide was present, there were ammonium ions nowadays in the solution.Responsiveness TrialsChemical reaction with an AcidA solution with a small(a) sum of unknown compound was assorted in 50 milliliter of H2O and a crystallize solution of a myopic sum of ammonium chloride and 50 milliliter of H2O. A teensy sum of the two solutions were placed in to two severalise trial tubings and a lit tle sum of HNO3.Double Displacement Chemical reactionA solution of a little sum of unknown compound was placed into 50 milliliter of H2O and a dissociate solution incorporating a little sum of Na chloride and 50 milliliter of H2O. A little sum of the two solutions was placed into two separate trial tubings and a little sum of K2SO4 was added into distributively trial tubing. The trial tubings were so swirled and assorted.Double Displacement Chemical reactionA solution of a little sum of unknown compound was assorted with a solution of 50 milliliter of H2O and a separate solution of a little sum of Na chloride and 50 milliliter of H2O. A little sum of the two solutions were placed into two separate trial tubings and a little sum of AgNO3 was added into each of the trial tubing. The trial tubings were so swirled and assorted.Double Displacement Chemical reactionA solution of a little sum of unknown compound was assorted in 50 milliliter of H2O and a separate solution of a little sum of Na chloride and 50 milliliter of H2O. A little sum of the two solutions were so placed into two separate trial tubings and a little sum of KNO3 was added to each trial tubing. The trial tubings were so swirled and assorted, and whether or non a reaction occurred was recorded.Chemical reaction with a BaseA little sum of unknown compound was assorted with 50 milliliters of H2O and a separate solution of a little sum of ammonium chloride and 50 milliliter of H2O. A little sum of these two solutions were so placed into two separate trial tubings and a little sum of KOH was added.Hydrometric AnalysisA Buchner flask was used with a funnel shape placed over the top.\r\nThe filter paper was weighed and so wetted with H2O somewhat.\r\nThe solution incorporating the precipitate was poured onto the filter paper and left until nigh of the liquid had seeped through.\r\nThe filter was so removed from the funnel and placed into an oven for 10 proceedingss until the precipitate and paper had w holly dried.\r\nThe filter paper was so weighed with the precipitate still on top. The weight of the filing clerk paper was subtracted from the new weight to obtain the most accurate consequence.\r\nThe process was completed three times with the unknown substances and twice with a known substance.Synthesis Chemical reactionApproximately 12.3 milliliters of ammonium hydrated oxide was assorted with 6.2 milliliters of hydrochloric acid in a beaker.\r\nThe solution was placed on a hot home base ( under a goon ) and allowed to boil until all of the liquid evaporated.\r\nThe staying precipitate was removed from the beaker and weighed.\r\n'