The Characters in The Matrix Essays -- The Matrix Science Fiction Movi

The Characters in The MatrixThe Matrix (Wachowski & Wachowski 1999) is a battery powering an utter(a) chatter of thought, images, productions, and discourse. In the exact, a stabbing needle penetrates the black plug mounted on the back of a human skull, and the mind is overwhelmed by the matrix, an gigantic simulacral world that, to its unknowing inhabitants, is in every way the very(prenominal) as reality, and to those merely passing through, is a sinister, green-tinted prison. The film sets, by dialogue and symbolism, a repose for analysis, theology, theory, philosophy, and criticism that accommodates any stance within a language of freedom, choice, perception, reality, simulation, mind, computer code, and body. Rationalizations of and within these terms get a place at the table. This setting incites banter as it limits it. For instance, we have a ready means to discuss what knowing a thing really means, but we are in less of a position to discuss how such paranoia gets off the ground. However, the accessible philosophical vocabulary everywhere present in the film ought not overwhelm our resources to move amongst the indistinctly legible codes and technologies of the cinematic body and world the stylized sequences of events that produce the reactions in a viewer that give the film meaning. In this capacity for aesthetic self-indulgence and contrary to the theoretical window dressing of the script, The Matrix makes an audio-visual presentation that reformulates agency as a matter of effect rather than choice.Thinking itEveryone knows the movie is just of really captivating philosophical questions. Why is it that, when youre hurt in the virtual world, you bleed in the real world? Very heavy stuff. The film is easy to transla... ... visible when at a computer than in everyday non-solitary life. Your mother is not watching.11 In a sense, this pre-9/11 movie set the lay out for a kind of sympathy Americans had with terrorists who they could not call cowards. The appeal of a boldness to do what they said out of nowhere and going nowhere is telltale(a) of what disciplines such style juxtaposes itself to.12 Or machines or computers to bring back the specter of the place of technology in the matrix. Idealized guns, though, are what make the movie go. Guns that never jam, are always beautiful, and are better tossed than reloaded. They are the almost the only way to kill anyone, they are always stylish and specifically chosen, and they make the same comment on how to get your way that the characters do threats and violence.

Health Essay -- essays research papers fc

Health 101Right now, cancer is adept of the nearly feared diseases in the world. In the betimes 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of only(prenominal) deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is cleanup large number all over the world. There are many different cancers, which form on just about all parts of the body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostate cancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly the dominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today is lung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have stated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate within ii decades. stand up cancer is the second most f atal cancer in males and in women, breast cancer. After taking a cancer profile canvass online, http//www.yourcancerrisk.harvard.edu, I was able to predict what my cancer risk would be at the age of 40 for prostate and kidney cancer. According to the information obtained, I was reluctant to go across that I would have a below average risk for kidney cancer and have a much below average risk for prostate cancer. even off though it is unknown why cancer ... Health Essay -- essays research papers fc Health 101Right now, cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of all deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is killing people all over the world. There are many different canc ers, which form on just about all parts of the body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostate cancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly the dominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today is lung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have stated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate within two decades. Stomach cancer is the second most fatal cancer in males and in women, breast cancer. After taking a cancer profile test online, http//www.yourcancerrisk.harvard.edu, I was able to predict what my cancer risk would be at the age of 40 for prostate and kidney cancer. According to the information obtained, I was reluctant to see that I would have a below average risk for kidney cancer and have a much below average risk for prostate cancer. Even though it is unknown why cancer ...

Stalin Hitler Mussolini Essay -- essays research papers

Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini were all famous leaders of their time. When the word famous is mentioned for their description, it is not necessarily good. In fact none of them were know for anything good. You could say they were infamous. They all lead during the same time period during the early to mid 1900s. Stalin was part of the Russians, Mussolini was with the Italians, and Hitler was with the Germans. Joseph Stalin, of Russia, was completely uninterested in ideologic debates, as he wanted to establish his own index finger within the Soviet system. Stalin had Trotsky expelled and ousted Bukharin in order for this to occur. Because of his torture technique for people to confess their crimes, intimately 10 million Russians were arrested in the late 1930s. Stalin even sent an assassin to kill Trotsky in 1940. In 1928, Stalin implemented the Five-Year Plan to expand Russia into an industrial nation. In order to find money for this, Stalin forced the kulaks, or wealthy peasants, to work on the farms. All of this brought the Soviet Union to a major industrial power in the end of the 1930s, while all others were in a devastating economic depression. Benito adopted his fathers Socialist beliefs. His views began to change during the war when Mussolini broke with his fellow Socialists and supported Italys entrance into the war. He formed the National Fascist Party, which fought leftist organizations. The...

Best Man Wedding Speech with Many Jokes -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speec

Best Man Wedding Speech with Many JokesThe moment has arrived?. its period for a little character assassination?..and as Kyle exceed man?..its my opportunity to slate him.Although, as Henry the Eighth said to each of his wives?..I wont keep you longHaving never done this before, I really didn?t lie with how long my speech should lastGeneral opinion suggests it should last about as long as it takes the groom to crystallise love, so?..(hand gesture) Thank you and good night. If only I was joking.When Kyle first asked me to be his best man, I thought it would be a terrific honour, But, as time has gone by I?ve realised that being best man is alot like making love to princess Ann, it?s a great honour, but you gaze to god someone else was doing it.About GroomNow, all the books tell me I shouldn?t just slate him?which makes it difficult, I must tell you a while about him, and mention his good points as well (I?m told)Kyle was born on In the same year?..British Decimal Coins were intr oducedThe first Kodak Instamatic tv camera was producedThe boing 747 and concorde made their first flights?Test tube fertilisation of humans egg. andScientists designed the epidural injection to ease the pain of child birth, fascinatingInterestingly sufficiency, in September 1968, soon after Kyle was born, family planning soon became widely available Believe it or not Kyle did go to school, bu... ...es and gentlemen Id like you to raise your glassesto the bar plyBeing serious for one moment we should not forget the new Mr & Mrs (C). To you both I say?..May your love be modern enough to survive the times?. and old fashioned enough to last forever.Today is a day when each of us wishes the happy couple well. Being human (and living with Kyle) they will have their disagreements. Life being what it is, there will be sad moments as well as glad. Yet I know that tonight, we are all wishing them happiness and health in those years to come.And so my last task (before I can really enjoy a drink) is to propose a toastwill you all please raise your glasses to the new Mr & Mrs ___________

The Character of Joe Gargery in Great Expectations Essay examples --

The Character of Joe Gargery in Great Expectations     The protagonists brother-in-law, Joe Gargery, in the novel Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, is prominently humane, especially compared to the other characters. Although Pip is the mental center of the book, Joe is the moral center. Pip struggles to be good Joe merely is obedient by nature without apprehending it. Although Joe is not prosperous or knowledgeable, he still offers what he does know and abide, to Pip. Joe provides a perfect example of however one conducts oneself in life ones good nature always asserts itself at the end. With Joes humane intellect, he is kindred a father to Pip- giving him guidance, informing him what is respectable and what is erroneous- it is his humanity that makes him incredibly generous and forgiving.   However, generosity and forgivingness are just two of Joess many traits that support to his humanity these characteristics show up numerous times in the novel. One of the best examples of the many humane acts of Joe is illustrated by his reaction to when some food was taken from his house by a convict, on page 41, chapter 9      God knows youre welcome to it- so far as it was ever mine. We dont know what you have done, but we wouldnt have you starved to death for it, poor miserable fellow- creature. Although Joe is exceedingly indigent, he not only acknowledges the convicts apology for pinching, but he insists that the convict is welcome to it- regardless of the quash of sins or whatever type of misdeeds he has committed. Even the richest people would be infuriated if someone stole their food- let alone a convict. Although Joe i... ...ow of changes that he was exit through. Although Joe is not a gentleman, he still understands the important things in life Joe represents conscience, affection, loyalty, and simple good nature. Although he is uneducated and unrefined, he consistently acts fo r the benefit of those he loves and suffers in silence in spite of however Pip treats him.   One character in the novel that lives a very serene life because of his salient ability to forgive is Joe Gargery. Joe Gargerys prominent characteristic in the novel Great Expectations is his humanity. It is humanity that makes him incredibly forgiving and understanding even in the worst conditions- whether macrocosm neglected by someone he loved or being robbed- he keeps everything in control and seeks the best in every situation. His compassion makes him exceedingly munificent and magnanimous.  

The Character of Joe Gargery in Great Expectations Essay examples --

The Character of Joe Gargery in gravid Expectations     The protagonists brother-in-law, Joe Gargery, in the novel Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, is prominently humane, especially compared to the other parts. Although Pip is the psychological center of the book, Joe is the moral center. Pip struggles to be good Joe merely is obedient by nature without apprehending it. Although Joe is not prosperous or knowledgeable, he still offers what he does know and have, to Pip. Joe provides a perfect example of however one conducts oneself in lifetime ones good nature always asserts itself at the end. With Joes humane intellect, he is like a father to Pip- giving him guidance, informing him what is respectable and what is erroneous- it is his universe that makes him incredibly noble and forgiving.   However, generosity and forgivingness are just two of Joess many traits that contribute to his humanity these characteristics show up numerous ti mes in the novel. One of the go around examples of the many humane acts of Joe is illustrated by his reaction to when some food was taken from his house by a convict, on page 41, chapter 9      God knows youre welcome to it- so far as it was ever mine. We dont know what you have done, but we wouldnt have you starved to death for it, poor miserable fellow- creature. Although Joe is exceedingly indigent, he not totally acknowledges the convicts apology for pinching, but he insists that the convict is welcome to it- regardless of the number of sins or whatever type of misdeeds he has committed. Even the richest people would be incense if someone stole their food- let alone a convict. Although Joe i... ...ow of changes that he was going through. Although Joe is not a gentleman, he still understands the important things in life Joe represents conscience, affection, loyalty, and unsubdivided good nature. Although he is uneducated and unrefined, he con sistently acts for the benefit of those he loves and suffers in silence in spite of however Pip treats him.   One character in the novel that lives a very serene life because of his great ability to forgive is Joe Gargery. Joe Gargerys prominent characteristic in the novel Great Expectations is his humanity. It is humanity that makes him incredibly forgiving and understanding even in the worst conditions- whether being neglected by someone he loved or being robbed- he keeps everything in control and seeks the best in every situation. His compassion makes him exceedingly munificent and magnanimous.  

Tylenol Crisis

Abstract Part 1 Crisis Scenario Development Develop a scenario describing a crisis situation. Possible topics for your scenario include school violence, workplace violence, terrorist attack, sexual assault, or natural disasters. Your scenario must include sufficient breadth and depth in terms of the elaborate surrounding the incident you prevail chosen, to include Description of the crisis. Description of the amount of damage. Description of the victims (physical and psychological damage). Information about the perpetrator(s).Project 1 Part 1 In October of 1982, Tylenol, the leading pain-killer medicine in the United States at the time, faced a tremendous crisis when seven masses in Chicago were reported dead afterwards taking extra-strength Tylenol capsules. It was reported that an unknown suspect put 65 milligrams of deadly cyanide into Tylenol capsules, 10,000 more(prenominal) than what is necessary to kill a human. The tamper occurred once the harvesting reached the shelv es. They were removed from the shelves, infected with cyanide and returned to the shelves (Mitchell, 1989).In 1982, Tylenol controlled 37 percent of its market with revenue of about $1. 2 million. Immediately after the cyanide poisonings, its market share was reduced to seven percent (Mitchell 1989). Once the association was made between the Tylenol capsules and the reported deaths, public announcements were made warning volume about the consumption of the product. Johnson & Johnson was faced with the dilemma of the best way to deal with the problem without destroying the reputation of the company and its most profitable product.Following whiz of their guidelines of protecting people first and property second, McNeil Consumer Products, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, conducted an immediate product rec all(prenominal) from the entire country which amounted to about 31 million bottles and a loss of more than $100 million dollars. (Lazare, Chicago Sun-Times 2002) Additionally, th ey halted all advertisement for the product. Although Johnson & Johnson knew they were not responsible for the tampering of the product, they assumed responsibleness by ensuring public guard duty first and recalled all of their capsules from the market.In fact, in February of 1986, when a woman was reported dead from cyanide poisoning in Tylenol capsules, Johnson & Johnson permanently removed all of the capsules from the market. The reason Tylenol reacted so quickly and in such a positive manner to the crisis stems from the companys mission statement. (Lazare Chicago Sun-Times 2002). On the companys credo written in the mid-1940s by Robert Wood Johnson, he stated that the companys responsibilities were to the consumers and medical professionals using its products, employees, the communities where its people work and live, and its stockholders.Therefore, it was essential to maintain the safety of its publics to maintain the company alive. Johnson & Johnsons responsibility to its p ublics first proved to be its most efficient public dealings tool. It was the key to the brands survival. On September 29, 1982, 12-year-old bloody shame Kellerman of Elk Grove Village, Illinois, woke up at dawn and went into her parents bedroom. She did not feel well and complained of having a sore throat and a fluent nose. To ease her discomfort, her parents gave her one Extra-Strength Tylenol capsule. At 7 a. m. they found Mary on the bathroom floor.She was at one time taken to the hospital where she was later pronounced dead. Doctors initially suspected that Mary died from a stroke, but evidence later pointed to a more sinister diagnosis. That same day, paramedics were called to the Arlington Heights home of 27-year-old postal worker ten Janus. When they arrived, they found him lying on the floor. His breathing was labored, his blood pressure was dangerously low and his pupils were fixed and dilated. The paramedics rushed Adam Janus to the emergency room at northwest Commun ity Hospital, where they attempted to resuscitate him, but it was too late.Adam died shortly after he was brought to the hospital. His death was believed to be the result of a massive heart attack. However, doctors would later learn that his death was anything but natural. On the eve of Adams death, his aggrieved family gathered at his house to mourn his sudden passing and discuss funeral arrangements. Adams 25-year old brother Stanley and his 19-year-old bride, Theresa, two suffered from headaches attributed to the stress of losing a family member. To his relief, Stanley found on Adams kitchen counter a bottle of Extra Strength Tylenol. He took a capsule from the bottle and then gave one to his married woman.Shortly after taking the capsules, both Stanley and his wife collapsed onto the floor. The shocked family members immediately called an ambulance. Once again paramedics rushed to the home of Adam Janus and attempted to resuscitate the young couple. However, Stanley died that d ay, and his wife died two days later. Twenty-seven-year-old Mary Reiner of Winfield, Illinois, was recovering after the birth of her son when she unsuspectingly ingested the Tylenol laced with cyanide. She died a short time later. That same day, 35-year-old Paula Prince, a United Airlines stewardess, was found dead in her suburban Chicago apartment.Cyanide-filled Tylenol capsules were also found in her home. The seventh known victim of the Tylenol poisonings was 35-year-old Mary McFarland of Elmhurst, Illinois. While the blood samples were being tested for cyanide, two firefighters in another location of the Chicago suburbs discussed the tetrad bizarre deaths that had recently taken place in the neighboring area. Arlington Heights firefighter Philip Cappitelli talked with his friend Richard Keyworth from the Elk Grove firehouse about Mary Kellerman and the fact that she had taken Tylenol before she died.Keyworth suggested that all the deaths could have been related to the medicine. Following his friends suggestion, Cappitelli called the paramedics who worked on the Janus family and asked if they too had taken Tylenol. To both the mens surprise, they discovered all three Janus family members had ingested the universal pain reliever. The police were immediately sent to the Kellerman and Janus homes to retrieve the suspicious bottles. Investigators soon discovered the Tylenol link. Urgent warnings were broadcast, and police drove through Chicago neighborhoods issuing warnings over loudspeakers.During the initial investigations, a man named James William Lewis sent a letter to Johnson & Johnson demanding $1 million to stop the cyanide-induced murders. Police were unable to link him with the crimes, as he and his wife were financial backing in New York City at the time. He was convicted of extortion, served 13 years of a 20-year sentence, and was released in 1995 on parole. WCVB Channel 5 of Boston reported that woo documents, released in early 2009, show Depar tment of Justice investigators concluded Lewis was responsible for the poisonings, despite the fact that they did not have enough evidence to charge him. Lewis has denied responsibility for the poisonings for several years. A second man, Roger Arnold, was investigated and cleared of the killings. He had a nervous breakdown due to the media attention, which he blamed on Marty Sinclair, a bar owner. In the summer of 1983, Arnold shot and killed John Stanisha, whom he mistook for Sinclair. Stanisha was an innocent man who did not know Arnold. Arnold was convicted in January 1984 and served 15 years of a 30-year sentence for second-degree murder. He died in June 2008.Laurie Dann, who poisoned and shot people in a May 1988 rampage in and around Winnetka, Illinois, was briefly considered as a suspect, but no direct connection was found. On May 19, 2011, the FBI requested DNA samples from Unabomber Ted Kaczynski in connection to the Tylenol murders. Kaczynski denied having ever possessed p otassium cyanide. The investigation is still under way. The first four Unabomber crimes happened in Chicago and its suburbs from 1978 to 1980, and Kaczynskis parents had a suburban Chicago home in Lombard, Illinois, in 1982, where he stayed occasionally.The media gave Johnson Johnson much positive coverage for its handling of the crisis for example, an article in The Washington Post said, Johnson & Johnson has effectively demonstrated how a major business ought to handle a disaster. The article nevertheless stated that this is no Three mile Island accident in which the companys response did more damage than the original incident, and applauded the company for being honest with the public. In addition to issuing the recall, the company established relations with the Chicago Police Department, the FBI, and the Food and Drug Administration.This way it could have a part in searching for the person who laced the capsules and they could help prevent further tampering. While at the tim e of the scare the companys market share collapsed from thirty-five percent to eight percent, it rebounded in less than a year, a move credit to the companys prompt and aggressive reaction. In November, it reintroduced capsules but in a new, triple-sealed package, coupled with heavy price promotions and within several years, Tylenol had become the most popular over-the-counter analgesic in the U. S. A number of copycat attacks involving Tylenol and other products ensued during the following years.One of these incidents occurred in the Chicago area unlike Tylenol, it actually strained the end of the product affected by the hoax, Encaprin, from Procter Gamble. The incident inspired the pharmaceutical, food, and consumer product industries to develop tamper-resistant packaging, such as induction seals and improved quality control methods. Moreover, product tampering was made a federal crime. Additionally, the tragedy prompted the pharmaceutical industry to move away from capsules, wh ich were easy to contaminate as a foreign aggregate could be placed inside without obvious signs of tampering.Within the year, the FDA introduced more stringent regulations to avoid product tampering. This led to the eventual replacement of the capsule with the solid caplet, a oral contraceptive made in the shape of a capsule, as a drug delivery form and with the addition of tamper-evident safety-seals to bottles of many sorts. References (n. d. ). Retrieved August 31, 2012, from http//www. trutv. com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/tylenol_murders/index. hypertext markup language (n. d. ). Retrieved August 30, 2012, from http//iml. jou. ufl. edu/projects/fall02/susi/tylenol. htm (n. d. ). Retrieved August 29, 2012, from http//aboutpublicrelations. net/uczoulas1. htm

Sexualization of Little Girls in the Media

Does the Media Sexualize Little Girls? many dissimilar articles and essays use statistics to back up their claims that you is to say if they argon accurate or not? In Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect by Stephanie Hanes and Toddlers in Tiaras by Skip Hollandsworth they use many different statistics to back up their claims that the media is sexualizing little girls and that it is a problem for themselves and society.Even though they shock you with their disturbing statistics you wouldnt know if they were correct without some further question. The statistic that I chose to research in Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect by Stephanie Hanes was that, The marketing group NPD Fashionworld reported in 2003 that more than $1. 6 million is spent p.a. on thong underwear for 7- to 12-year-olds. What I found left me confused but didnt necessarily prove the statistic wrong.When I researched the statistic the only places I could dumbfound this stati stic were on websites or blogs using from statistic Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect. NPD Fashionworld may have very(prenominal) well done the research to back up their claims but I could not find any other companies or researchers doing the same study. I would say that the research is not very credible because of one major(ip) thing in that location are no other sets of data to compare it to.The statistic that I chose from Toddlers in Tiaras by Skip Hollandsworth was that, A small study print in Eating Disorders The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, that involved 22 women, half of whom had participated in child beauty pageants, concluded that there were no significant differences surrounded by the two groups on measures of bulimia, body perception, depression, and self-esteem. But it did find that the former beauty pageant girls scored significantly higher on body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation an capacity to resi st performing actions that would be harmful to themselves or others. This statistic shows that women who participated in pageants as young girls were not affected medically more than women who did not but they did corroborate some effects that arent necessarily threatening. When I researched this statistic and this study I found that there are not too many studies on this subject. When I looked up the effects of beauty pageants on women if they competed as girls I found that there were a lot of blogs and websites pointing out individual cases or small groups. I find that this statistic is not credible because the group tested is too small.Only 22 women were tested which is a cause for concern. You can not get all the testify you need from 22 people to make a strong claim. Another reason why I feel that this statistic is not credible is the fact that there hasnt been any major studies on the issue. There have been many small studies like the one mentioned in the statistic but none providing any full-blooded evidence. Articles like Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect by Stephanie Hanes and Toddlers in Tiaras by Skip Hollandsworth provide many statistics to try and shock you.They are very effective at first glance but once you look into them a little more you start to fell a little skeptic. Many of the statistics used are influential but not in the fact of providing hard evidence. Many of the statistics used were either found by small studies or there had only been one study performed on the issue which does not give enough proof. Statistics are a great way to provide view as for you claims but it does require the reader to a little research if they really want to know for sure.

Predestination and Freewill Essay

Predestination does non interrupt free willing. Actually the two go hand in hand. Our divinity is such a loving divinity fudge that through his divine will he gave us free will. God did not predestine any wholeness to salvation or damnation. He has the Divine foreknowledge of who will go forthlast a righteous life and who will follow the path to damnation. Knowing this, He gave us the cream to choose our path in life, therefore, placing our salvation in the decisions that we choose throughout our lives. Christians believe16 For God so loved the world that he gave his unmatched and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have fadeless life.1 This is why we are called Christians due to Christ. God gave the ultimate sacrifice so that mankind can choose his own destination. . In my opinion, Christians of, all people, should believe that free will and predestination are not separates entities. The first question that one should ask is what is predestination? P redestination to some(a) is the belief that God, who has sovereignty over all creation, uses His divine foreknowledge to predestine some humans to receive perfect(a) salvation and some to suffer an eternity of damnation. In comparison, the Christian belief is that God does have foreknowledge but does not use this knowledge to remedy or condemn God does not predestine.Therefore, the next question should be how does God determine who goes to heaven and who goes to hell? Well the one true Christian answer is that no one, not even the elect, gets into heaven without Christ. So does Christ choose you or do you choose Christ? A Christian must(prenominal) know Christ prior to choosing Him. There are two categories of theologians that argue how we come in contact with Christ, the monogistic and synergistic view. The bible verse Isaiah 531 Who has believed our message and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?2 can be used as an example. The monogistic view is that God reached out his arm to save the people that he foreknowingly knew would choose Christ and predestined them to have eternal salvation. This view of salvation removes humankinds gift of free will. The other part of humanity, however, would be left(a) to receive eternal suffering. The synergistic view is that God offers His hand out to the true believer to save them and in return they have the free will to choose it, accept Christ and receive eternal salvation. The monogistic position defines predestination.Thecontroversy of predestination started with St Augustines interpretation of Apostle Pauls bible verse Romans 829 29 For those God foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers and sisters.3 true(a) Christians interpret this verse believing that when Paul speaks of foreknew, he is referring to Gods divine foreknowledge of sight. Christians believe that God is able to look through the windows of term and foresee thos e who will use the free will given to walk with him throughout their life. He did not predestine, as in verb form, but he has invariably known the path of our destination, pre mankind. God would like for all of His children to conform to the image of Christ and become eternal brethren and even though God knew each soul persons choice, He still gave us the option to choose our path in life. Hence, God displace humanitys salvation in our own individual hands through the grace free will. Augustines interpretation, in contrast, was translated as For God knew his own before ever they were, and also appointive that they should be shaped to the likeness of his son, that he might be the eldest among a large family of brothers.4 This interpretation, accepted by many and also scorn by many, revealed a different God than Paul referred to.Augustine believed Gods foreknowledge and predestination was not centered upon the deeds of humanity. Instead, he believed that God, who has Divine self -reliance to do as he pleases, selected his chosen at his discretion and predestined them to eternal salvation. Through this monogistic view, the gift of free will is nonexistent, therefore removing any happening of humanitys ability to save itself from reprobation. Augustine centered this monogstic view on Adams fall from grace. Adams fall from Gods grace resulted in humanitys fall as well, thereby removing the gift of free will, leaving humanity totally dependent upon Gods merciful grace. Free will to make righteous choices throughout ones life is not a consideration. He centers his belief rough grace not free will because he believed that none of humanity deserved redeeming and it is only through Gods grace that some are predestined for salvation. Only the elect will receive Gods grace and salvation and no one knows the number or name calling of the elect but God himself. In other words man does not need any type of religious order, because, according to Augustine, we are to li ve throughout our lives hoping that we are one of the elected that God decides to grace with exaltation.John Calvin, another theologian, also preached predestination. John Calvin, however, sermonized on double predestination. He stated that out of the common multitude of men some should be predestined to salvation, others to destruction.5 According to Calvin double predestination is when God predestines humanity to salvation and also to damnation. He believes that not only does God predestine the elect to receive his grace and know Christ for an eternity, but he also predestines those he will not allow to know Christ and sentence them to eternal suffering. His deduction for this belief, as was Augustines, was Adams fall from grace. Calvin expounds on the belief that God only creates perfection, thereby, Adam created in Gods image, was created perfectly. However, through Adams gracious gift of free will, Adam chose unwisely and since in Adam all are sinners, deserving of eternal deat h, it is obvious that nothing but sin will be found in men6 causing the whole of humanity to suffer the passing play of Gods grace.In other words, Calvins view is God does not condemn man to damnation man condemned himself through Gods grace and free will. Calvin believes that humanity does not deserve Gods grace and it is not for us to reason why or how God decides who receives redemption and who reprobation. Therefore, to answer the questions afore mentioned, God does not determine who will receive salvation or damnation we do. God does not autonomously destine a chosen a couple of(prenominal) elect to know and love Christ because in 1 Timothy 24 it is written that God desires all men to be protected and to come to the knowledge of the truth.7 He gave us free will to live our lives as we please. God reaches out his hand to every soul on earth but it is ultimately our choice to reach out and grab it. Through Gods merciful grace of free will, he has foreknowingly placed us in ch arge of our own destiny.WORKS CITEDhttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%20316& recital=NIV 1 http//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+53%3A1-12&version=NIV 2 Preaching, predestination by Mathis Lamberigts page 6783, 4, Institutes of the Christian Religion Book III by John Calvin Chapter XXI page 9215 Commentaries Election and Predestination by John Calvin page 2546 http//www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/whatismonergism2.html http//biblehub.com/1_timothy/2-4.htm7

Case Study: Wheelworks

Running head Case Study Wheelworks Case Study Wheelworks convention of Management After analyzing Wheelworks compensation and benefits structure, I have found that this organization meets every need demanded by its employees and motivates them in every level. When it comes to needs and motivations, in that respect argon two commonly employ theories that explain each step. One of the most commonly used theories to explain the levels of needs and motivators is Maslows hierarchy of needs. The other commonly used theory when explaining levels of needs and motivations is Herzbergs TwoFactor Theory.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Starting at the bottom with physiological needs and moving upwards to safety, retire/belongings, esteem, and eventually reaching self-actualization, Maslows hierarchy of needs is often shown as a five level pyramid. Wheelworks meet its employees first need, Physiological needs, just by paying them a salary. When Wheelworks pays its employees, it allows each employe e to buy food, water, and pay for a shelter and clothing to adjudge a constant body temperature.This first need on Maslows hierarchy of needs is essential and without it, humans would not be able to survive. Wheelworks meet Maslow second need, safety, by providing its employees with benefits such as health insurance, bonuses, and 401k plans. Because of the plans that Wheelworks offer its employees, areas such as financial security and health and well being are covered. Love and belongings, the third level of Maslows hierarchy of needs, is also covered by Wheelworks. human beings need to feel that they belong and are loved.Due to the positive atmosphere that Wheelworks offers, its employees feel loved and like they belong to the group. Due to this, Wheelworks also meets Maslows third need. The forrard level of Maslows hierarchy of needs is esteem. Wheelworks also cover this level by recognizing its employees for its qualities. By recognizing each of its employees qualities, Whee lworks helps them build a stronger self-esteem and self-respect, covering the off Maslows hierarchy of needs. The fifth nd last level of Maslows hierarchy of needs is self-actualization. This level of Maslows hierarchy of needs has been already reached by Wheelworks employees because of their love for the sport of cycling. many of Wheelworks employees are highly educated and have better opportunities in other companies, but their love for cycling keeps them working at Wheelworks helping them reach Maslows need of self- actualization. Herzbergs TwoFactor Theory Unlike Maslows five level hierarchy of needs, Herzbergs theory has only focuses in two agentive roles.Herzberg believed that there is a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction. These two steps are the hygiene factors and the motivator factors. Hygiene factors consist of the need to for a argument to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then th ey can cause dissatisfaction with work(tutor2u. net). Wheelworks meet the hygiene factor by providing a swell salary, pleasant work environment, and health and 401k plans.These factors are not taken in account when one measures satisfaction, but the absence of these go forth cause dissatisfaction. The motivator factor is based on an individuals need for personal growth. Wheelworks meet this factor by recognizing its employees qualities, challenging them, and giving them responsibilities. By doing this, Wheelworks employees stay make achieving above-average fareance and effort. crook One Motivator Having a passion for the sport of cycling has become Wheelworks employees number one motivator.Many times, one would think that salary, health benefits, and good working conditions would come out high when it comes to job motivation, but without love of the work itself, all of these benefits would not be enough to motivate ones employees. The main reason Wheelworks employees perform a bove-average and put an extra effort to do the job better is because their love for the sport of cycling. As long as Wheelworks provide its employees with the hygiene and motivator factors, its employees will stay motivated. Financial RewardsEven though that passion for the sport of cycling has become Wheelworks employees number one motivator, financial rewards also helps motivate them. One of the many ways that Wheelworks motivates its employees financially is by paying them the highest possible wage. By doing this, Wheelworks makes sure that its employees are well paid motivating them to stay within the company. Another method that Wheelworks uses to financially reward its employees is by offering vacation and sick pay, 401k, profit chairing, and health plan.By offering these benefits, Wheelworks ensures that its employees feel well taken care of resulting in a motivated staff. The last financial reward that Wheelworks uses to motivate its employees is giving them seasonal bonuse s. Each bonus is subject to how good the company does during the season. Due to this, each employee is motivated to remedy its performance which will eventually result in a bigger bonus. Commission One of the best strategies that Wheelworks has used to motivate its sale persons, but yet, maintain a superior customer services is giving seasonal bonuses instead of commission.Due to this strategy, Wheelworks customers receives a superior customer crevice and do not feel pressured to buy an expensive bike. This strategy also improves team work instead of having a constant competition among team members. Even though this strategy has worked greatly for Wheelworks, it could be improved. One way Wheelworks could improve its number of units sold is by giving a reward to the person that averages more units sold per hour in a week. For example, the person that averages the most units sold per week could choose one day to leave early and get paid for the whole day.Rewards like this one could significantly increase the number of units sold increasing the yearly revenue of Wheelworks. Works Cited (n. d. ). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from tutor2u. net http//tutor2u. net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg. asp Janet A. Simons, D. B. (1987). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from honolulu. hawaii. edu http//honolulu. hawaii. edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow. htm W. Griffin, R. (2007). Management. Houghton Mifflin. Wheelworks_part1. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from

Union Carbide Disaster: Bhopal, India

man and wife Carbide Disaster Bhopal, India On December 3, 1984 just three miles from the City of Bhopal.. An Ameri tail end owned kernel Carbide Pesticide Plant effluenceed Toxic gas in to the air killing over Hundreds of people right away. Mr. Y P Gokhale, managing director of Union Carbide in India said, That a Methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) had escaped when a valve in the plants downstairsground storage tank broke under pressure. The leak was caused by a series of mechanical and gentleman errors in the pesticide producing plant.For a full hour the plants personnel and safety equipment failed to detect the considerable leak, and when the alarm was sound most of the harm was already done. What was worse was that local health officials had not been educated on the toxicity of the chemicals used at the Union Carbide plant therefore there were no emergency procedures in place to protect the people of Bhopal. Panic broke out in the city of Bhopal and the areas ring more thus tens of thousands of people attempted to escape. More then 20,000 people required hospital symptoms including swollen eyes, frothing at the mouth and breathing difficulties.There we thousands of stillborn animals just covering the streets of Bhopal. The Indian government sued Union Carbide in a civil case and settled in 1989 for 470 million dollars. The Union Carbide which shut drink down its Bhopal plant after the disaster has yet to clean up the site completely. More then thousands of people died instantly and over 2,000 people died during the aftermath. In 1999 a voluntary group in Bhopal which believed not enough had been done to help the victims, filed a lawsuite in the United States claiming that Union Carbide violated foreign law and human rights.In November of 2000 Warren Anderson was charged of Culpable homicide for cost cutting at the plant which is alleged to have compromised safety Standards. In 2004 the Indian Supreme Court O.K. a compensation plan drawn up to help more the 570,000 Victims of the disaster. The welfare commission paid well over 350 million dollars. The Bhopal disaster in 1984 was one of the worst industrial accidents in history. However after 3 decades later toxic waste is still being stored on the site under poor conditions.Today the people in Bhopal still live with the consequences of the gas cloud and are still fighting for compensation. Almost 28 years after the accident, a group of cabinet ministers in New Delhi decided to sign over the disposal of the toxic waste from Bhopal to the German technicians. The old factory in Bhopal with its white-haired tanks and dilapidated clusters of buildings, is like a ghost factory. People in the area of Bhopal are still dying from the toxic gas leak more then 300,000 have died from it over the years and more are expected to die as well.This was one of the deadliest Toxic gas leaks in the world I cant believe that this happen. And what hurts the most is that it took them over 28 years to fin ally take care of the matter and I doubt its all just cool off yet as they are hitting the 29th year since the gas leak. Germany was nice to move in and help them out by taking this stuff and getting rid of it for them. I on the other hand think something should have been done about it many of years ago. On the 20th day of remembrance of the Mascara a man claim to have said that the Company Dow was going to pick up the waste and get rid of it.When the news people called to accept the man question there was no one by that name that had worked for them and that the guy was an imposter that they had no intention to pick up the waste. Work Cited 1. http//www. spiegel. de/international/world/germany-plans-to-dispose-of-bhopal-toxic-waste-a-840791. html 2. http//topics. nytimes. com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/india/bhopal/index. html 3. http//www. history. com/this-day-in-history/the-bhopal-union-carbide-disaster 4. http//news. bbc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories /december/3/newsid_2698000/2698709. stm

Deviant Behavior in the Light of Conflict Theory

learnment theory is based on the idea that the main(prenominal) causes of crime and deviance are the economic and accessible differences among members of a society, prompting the have-nots to act give away, if not to rob the haves. According to this theory, vile law and the entire criminal justice system tend to be favorable toward the wealthy and the powerful elites, while the governmental policies are aimed at controlling only the needy and woeful members of society.Moreover, the theory assumes that the entire criminal justice structure is aimed at compelling all members of society to accept the standards of good behavior and morality that are created by the enough and the powerful. There is a focus on separation between the haves and the have-nots, so as to protect the haves from physical attacks by the have-nots, and also to protect them from macrocosm robbed. In the process, however, the rights of the poor and needy people could be ignored. The middle furcate, on the o ther hand, enjoys the legal rights of the elites by siding with them.These people believe that they might be able to rise in rank by backing up the status quo (Conflict, 2005). The simplistic conflict theory has been explained further thus Street crimes, even excusable monetary ones are routinely punished quite severely, while large scale financial and business crimes are treated much more leniently. larceny of a television might receive a longer sentence than stealing millions through illegal business practices. William Chambliss, in a classic seek The Saints and the Roughnecks, compared the outcomes for two groups of adolescent misbehavers. The first, a lower class group ofboys, was hounded by the local police and labeled by teachers as delinquents and future criminals, while the upper-middle class boys were equally pervert, but their actions were Deviant Behavior in the Light of Conflict Theory 2 written off as youthful indiscretions and learning experiences (Conflict). Altho ugh there is truth to the conflict theory, it is only partial. Of a certainty, there are countless people counted among the cryptic and the powerful who have engaged in degenerate behaviors. What is more, they have not found the law to be lax toward them. As an example, both of President George W.Bushs female childs have been in trouble with the law (Montgomery, 2001). The daughter of the Presidents brother, Florida Governor Jeb Bush, has also been arrested for deviant behavior (Jeb, 2002). The conflict theory does not apply in their cases. Nor does it apply in the case of Enron and Worldcom rich businesses that should have been untouched by the laws of the land if the conflict theory were entirely unfeigned. Although there may be instances where the conflict theory correctly explains deviant behavior, it is evident that this theory cannot be applied to all places in the world at all times.There are many nations in the world where corruption is the law of the land, and shabbin ess is the norm. In the developing regions of the world, in particular, the have-nots may rob the haves or simply act out because they are disturbed by the unfairness that is mete out to them. However, it is not correct to understand deviant behavior only in the light of the conflict theory. If we are to believe that it is conflict theory alone that explains deviant behavior in human beings, we would not have examples of the Bush daughters and Enron to consider. There are many theories to explain deviant behavior.The cultural transmission or the derivative associations theory, for example, may compete with the conflict theory in explaining deviance. According to the cultural transmission theory, all kinds of behaviors, including deviant behavior, are learned. Furthermore, the young and therefore more waxen Deviant Behavior in the Light of Conflict Theory 3 learners of deviance may have developed close relationships with their deviant teachers. With increasing contacts with deviant teachers, the young learners of deviance engage in increasingly deviant behaviors (Sociological Theories).The cultural transmission theory does not rule out the possibility that the children of the rich and the powerful may engage in deviant behaviors because they may have had deviant teachers. The conflict theory rules out this possibility entirely with its assumption that the social norms are established by the rich and the powerful, so therefore they cannot possibly go once against their own rules. As explained previously, this assumption of the conflict theory is not true, sightedness that the rich and the powerful are also known to go against the societal norms, which they should have established for themselves and by themselves.The conflict theory is also not true one hundred percent in places where laws are created on the basis of unfairness and corruption. Even in such places, it is known that there are eer people that try to work hard and honestly, despite the unfairne ss that is dealt out to them. In short, all people in deviant places may not engage in deviant behaviors, even if the rich and the powerful have corrupted the government with bribes, etc. Yet another theory that conflicts with the conflict theory is the social control theory that explains why people may not engage in deviant behaviors.According to this theory, individuals may follow the societal norms because of their connecting social bonds (Sociological Theories). In other words, they may refuse to engage in deviant behaviors for the following reasons (1) attachment a neb of the connectedness between individuals Deviant Behavior in the Light of Conflict Theory 4 (2) commitment a measure of the stake a person has in the residential district (3) involvement a measure of the time/energy a person is spending on activities that are helpful to the community(4) belief a measure of the persons support for the morals and beliefs of the community (Sociological Theories). If all poor a nd needy folks in an unfair society were to follow the societal norms because of their social contacts, the conflict theory would once again be rendered meaningless. It may be that some underprivileged folks with weak social bonds would engage in deviant behaviors in a corrupt society. In that case, however, the conflict theory would only apply to that small group of people. In actuality, such a group may be existent.Theoretically, however, it is possible for that group neer to exist. Thus, the conflict theory may actually apply only in the cases of disgruntled, underprivileged folks who truly believe in righting the wrongs with wrongs. It would not apply in a corrupt society where underprivileged folks would like to work hard and honestly. And, neither would it apply in societies where the rich and the powerful are not exempt from the law. Therefore, the conflict theory is a naive theory, which, like most theories, does not explain reality in its entirety.ReferencesConflict. (2005 , Nov. 22). Florida State University. Retrieved Sep. 20, 2007, fromhttp//www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/conflict.htm.Jeb Bushs girlfriend Charged with Prescription Fraud. (2002, Jan. 29). CNN. Retrieved Sep. 20,2007, from http//archives.cnn.com/2002/US/01/29/jeb.bush.daughter.drugs/.Montgomery, A. (2001, Jun. 4). Jenna Bush may face jail on booze charge. Chicago Sun-Times.Sociological Theories to Explain Deviance. Retrieved Sep. 20, 2007, fromhttp//www.valdosta.edu/klowney/devtheories.htm.

Knots in My Yo-yo String Essay

K nons in my Yo-yo string is an autobiography written by Jerry Spinelli. Jerry Spinelli sop ups his childhood in first person which allows the reader to feel like he or she is there. To describe the throw, the agent has written this book to be about his childhood. The community in which the author lived in had squeeze his life from being an ordinary Pennsylvania boy to a Newbery Medalist Author. Even the people in his life have helped him reach his career as a writer.I think that the community that the author lived in had some changes on his life. Some of the people that helped affect some changes in the authors life was the authors friends. The authors friends helped him a lot by hoping for him to win the election for president in his school. I also think that his parents had a lot to do with affecting some of the things in the authors life.For example, the author probably would not have his hertz that he got for Christmas if his parents did not sacrifice going to the movies or going bowling, so that they could make sure their kids had roughly of the things they wanted. This is how the authors community had an affect on the authors life.The fact that he was naturally talented gave him an advantage when becoming a writer. Some other reasons why he is such a good writer was because he was not the average kid, he was the kind of kid that paid attention in class, when all the other kids were chance(a) around. He was very dedicated to his school work. Further more he had a great imagination, and an nonetheless better writing ability to have the reader in suspense.Some similarities when writing a book and playing sports is that you always have to be focused.

Home video game Essay

1 Why the rapid growth of Atari? Why the 1982-85 collapse? How did Nintendo rebuild the constancy? What was its strategy? After Bushnell settled on Atari, his first built was the simplest gimpy, which people knew the rules immediately, and this game could be compete with only one hand. Then, Bushnell talked his way into a $ 50000 line of credit from a local bank to runner his business. By 1974, 100,000 Pong-like games were change worldwide, and although Atari manufactured only 10 percent of the game, the company still made $3. 2 million that year.Atari had a rapid growth because it is a new persistence, and Atari does not have any contender at that time. So, Atari is the only company in this home motion picture game industry, and it has a huge business leader of supplier with no competitors and substitutes. After 1976, about twenty different companies were crowding into the home icongame market, Atari still has to a greater extent than 50% market share in the industry. Unti l 1978, Atari estimated that total demand would reach 2 million units. In 1982, Atari lost $500 in the first nine months of the year.Part of the blame for the collapse was laid at the feet of an enormous take stock overhang of unsold games. With more and more new games hit the market, the average impairment would goes d experience and the profitss goes d give birth as well. Nintendo open a commanding worldwide position by the end of the decade. The first step of Nintendo was to license video game technology from Magnavox. Then, Nintendo tried to dilate its own video game machine (Famicom) that combined superior graphics processing capabilities and low cost.In the US, Nintendo established a subsidiary named as Nintendo of America (NOA) by 1980, and Nintendo repositioned the market in U. S. NOA spent about 2% of sales budget for advertising and also sought out promotion partner, and it practiced careful inventory management in releasing its new games. In conclusion, Nintendo made an innovative new game dodging which had some competitive advantages such as cheaper, superior image quality, faster hardware processing and a connector that can be used for future addition of a modem and keyboard.2 How was Nintendo suitable to apprehend value from the home video game business? First of all, with the video game industrys collapse, none of the company seems to have anything to do with the with the home video business except Nintendo. So, it was a self-aggrandizing chance for Nintendo to monopolize the video game business, and it was a good chance to negotiate and license otherwise companies to develop games for its system. Secondly, Nintendo has good market position and distribution in United Stated.Thirdly, Nintendo has good game intent and technology, and it uses the regulation, contract and patent license to limit the market share of other game companies. 3 How was Sega able to gain market share from Nintendo? With Segas first game Periscope, Sega built up a worthy export business. Then, Sega realized that great games drove sales and more powerful technology gave game developers the tools to develop more appealing games. Sega also licensed other companies to develop games for the Genesis platform, but asked for lower royal line rates than Nintendo.Despite aggressive marketing in the 80s, it wasnt until the introduction of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 as a direct competitor to Nintendos Mario character that Sega was able to capture a important amount of the market with its Genesis console. The key point was Genesis does what Nintendo dont, and Sega version out sold Nintendos two to one. 4 Evaluate the competitive strategy of 3DO. What flaws can you see in 3DOs approach? The vision for 3DO was to shift the home video game business away from the existing cartridge-based initialise and toward a CD-ROM-based platform.The belief at 3DO is that the superior storage and graphics processing capabilities of the 3DO system would prove in truth attractive to game developers, allowing them to be far more creative. In turn, better games would attract customers away from Nintendo and Sega. The 3DOs strategy was to license its hardware technology for free. However, only a few 3DO titles were available by the Christmas stop where reports suggested 150 titles, and sales of the hardware were slow. As can be seen, 3DO did good at its software, but inquisitive at its hardware.As a result, 3DO announced that it would either sell its hardware system or live on into joint venture. 5 How come the Sony Play Station has succeeded where 3DO failed? Sony set up a retail beam separate from its consumer electronics sales force, and Sony has a good conversation with retailers before the launch to find out how it could jock them sell the play station. Sony targets its advertising for PlayStation at specific generation and age range. So, Sony focused on it retailers and customers, and it has a good market position.On the other side, 3DO on ly focused on its products but lack of the communication with its retailers and customers. 6 What drove Microsofts decision to repose the industry with its X-box offering? Because before Microsoft entered the home video game industry, it was no stranger to games. Microsoft had long participated in the PC gaming industry and was one of the largest publishers of PC games. X-box was based on Microsofts PC technology, and it would be much easier for software developers to write game for.Microsoft enter the industry because with annual revenues in excess of $20 billion worldwide, the home video game industry is huge and an important source of potential growth for Microsoft. 7 What lessons can be learned from the bill of the home video game industry that has been used to help launch the Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box? Do Microsoft and Sony appear to have learned and applied these lessons? The lesson can be learned from the history of the home video industry was to focus on R&D , market positioning, cost leadership, innovation, technology and communications.Sony PlayStation II has consumed about 1. 3 billion in R&D, and Sony actually loses money on Sony PlayStation machine but gain from game CDs. On the other side, Microsofts X-Box cut X-box price over time but guaranteed a profit margin. There are three technical factors determined the quality of a video game information width (in bits), clock speed (in MHz), and the amount of RAM (in bytes). Both Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box have their own competitive advantage in these technologies, and they also both are good game designers.

Implementing Change Essay

Implementing tilt among in all nerves is necessary to achieve success within the wellness cargon industry change is aeonian and it is the social occasion of steering teams to respect, computer programme, implement and evaluate change to operate satisfaction. Considering this among the other(a) aspects of running a roaring organization it is essential to ensure that there is minimal subway system and familiarity to change. Demands of the consumers and cater as well as regulations are continuously changing. The responsibility of managers is to successfully lead these inevitable changes.As managers it is a priority to identify issues and electric emf opportunities. Change is often planned to close a discrepancy between the desired and actual deposit of affairs. Discrepancies may arise be crusade of chores in reaching performance goals or because new goals have been created. Opportunities demand change as frequently as (or more than) problems do, but they are often ov erlooked. Be it a problem or an opportunity, it must be identified clearly (Sullivan, E.J. & Decker, P.J., 2009). A manager should continually strive to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their staff and incorporate these observations into recommended progressions associated with change within the organization. This process could eliminate a great deal of staff resistance by commending their qualities to benefit them as employees and the organization as a whole.Within the health trade industry there is constant change. It takes a tremendous amount of awareness, education, and planning from management teams to build and give an effective program that is sufficient. A good team will have the ability to recognize potential change in all aspects relating to an organization medical professionals, patients, structural strength and regulation, and an ongoing list of other aspects. A select management team cornerstone then take these observations and construct a plan to begin the i mplementation process.Stemming from the planning process comes the implementation phase. It should be considered that there is eer room for improvement and take a team of be actived and persistent members to execute a continuous effort to expose the quality of health care. A goal that is to be pursued is to always exceed the standard and expectations and always improve the quality of an organization. Strategies such as the power-coercive strategy, normativereeducative strategies, or the empirical-rational model can assist managers in the implementation process.Also, a continuous quality improvement plan should include a link to trace elements of the organizations strategic plan, quality council made up of the institutions top leadership, facts of life programs for personnel, mechanisms for selecting improvement opportunities, formation of process improvement teams, staff support for process analysis and redesign, personnel policies that motivate and support staff participation in process improvement, and the most current and rigorous techniques of the scientific order and statistical process control (Sollecito, W. A., & Johnson, J. K., 2013). Once change has been utilize management must then advert and evaluate the benefits and strains the staff and the organization are facing in order to ensure the success of the implemented change. Identifying any resistance or struggles with the implemented change should always be a priority of management to ensure continued success.Resistance prevents the unexpected. It forces the change agent to clarify information, keep interest level high, and assure why change is necessary. It draws attention to potential problems and encourages ideas to solve them. Resistance is a stimulant as much as it is a force to be overcome. It may even motivate the group to do fail what it is doing now, so that it does non have to change (Sullivan, E.J. & Decker, P.J., 2009). Initially change can be successful, but in many cases staf f could lose motivation or overlook small glitches in the implemented changes. through with(predicate) things such as incident reporting, generic occurrence screening, consumer and staff complaints and satisfaction surveys, and formal and informal preaching between managers and staff can evaluate and identify final changes to best benefit staff, management, and the organization as a whole. As a management team it is suggested to always be aware of not entirely individual organization but also occurring changes in organizations across the nation. By staying informed, the organizations and managers can always contract that there is a constant awareness of potential improvement found in all forms of health care across the nation, ensuring that a problem faced or benefit gained at another rapidness will never be overlooked. Quality can be greatly affected internally within an organization.Considering that internal factors can be monitored and controlled mainly from within, it is con siderably easier to manage, though these factors have a much more direct and immediate effect on the organization where the management responsibility lies. Internal contributors that factor into quality outcomes include leadership styles, administrative policies, and organizational culture. These factors, if not performed to standard or with minimal empathy can cause stress among staff indirectly affecting the consumers. An unpleasant environment may lead to a humiliated morale and dissatisfaction throughout the organization. (Suchman, A., 2001) Above all, management and staff must always have an open thinker and an open heart concerning the consumers and the overall benefit of the organizations. Providing services and actually caring for staff are what sets apart(predicate) the common from the exceptional manager and management team.By implementing these change processes will do just that. The constant change in the healthcare industry defines the role of management teams to ass ess, plan, implement and evaluate change to ensure satisfaction. Considering this among the other aspects of running a successful organization it is essential to ensure that there is minimal resistance and familiarity to change. The capacities to do the redesign work, and to accept the results of the redesign, are perhaps the most important capability an organization can have and value (Lagace, Martha, 2009). Demands of the consumers and staff as well as regulations are continuously changing. As successful managers it is essential to confidently lead the staff through inevitable change to ensure organizational success. name and addressLagace, Martha (2009). Managements Role in Reforming Healthcare. Retrieved from http//hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6202.html Sollecito, W. A., & Johnson, J. K. (2013). McLaughlin and Kaluznys Continuous Quality Improvement in HealthCare (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett. Suchman, A. (2001). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071231/ Sullivan, E.J. & Decker, P.J. (2009). Effective leadership and management in nursing. (7th ed.). hurrying Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.Additional CommentsThe paperincluding tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference pageis consistent with APA data formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements. Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed spelling is correct.The paper does not make effective use of section headings.Total AvailableTotal Earned2013.8

Project Management and Community Members Essay

TopCoder has a very unique and different model with respect to the traditional companies. As a senior coiffurer, I would need to go on following capabilities Firstly, build manpower to oversee a federation of over 200,000 members and direct the process of competition based software program development. The emphasis would be on not managing individuals but managing the process of participation, fostering community participation and community growth. Secondly, focus on edifice a critical mass of talent and coding capacity to run many competitions and produce solutions for clients at the same time. This would require attracting new members into the community through more challenges and contents, doing online advertising and member development days.Thirdly, build norms by maintaining the highest standards of contest integrity, transparency and quality. Strictly monitor competitions and maintain consistency of procedures. Fourthly, provide the right governance. command the views of the community members as well in the decision making process and treat them as number one wood along with establishing a fair peer review scoring system. Fifthly, do the right resource allocation. allocate community resources and control contest participation across the number of contests. This is because unlike traditional firms, Topcoder cannot assign special people to a task or project. Focus would be on to set the prize amount, continuance and timing of contest and the number of competitors. Sixthly, work towards retaining community members and encourage future contest participation.Supply community members with consistent work stream and prize money. Dedicate significant resources to facilitate forum discussions and encourage members to take in the community. On the demand side, as a manager, I would need to guide clients through the contest-based software development process, provide suggestions for contest prize amounts, gather feedback between contests and provide proj ect status updates to clients. In case of technical problem, get the problem fixed through the appropriate community members. Manage client expectations and serve as a board for client concerns. Additionally, educate the clients on how to use the TopCoder platform to manage the contest-based software development process themselves.

Alcohol Promotion and the Marketing Industry

Julie A. Novak International MBA pupil York University Prep bed for The sleeper to Reduce Alcohol progress in Ontario September 2004 Working to Reduce the stir of Alcohol de n unity Acknowledgements ARAPO wishes to acknowledge the effort and contributions of the follo captivateg individuals to this paper Tom Appleyard, Alcohol Projects Man shape upr, Ontario Public wellness Association Ben Rempel, Alcohol Projects Consultant, Ontario Public wellness Association Pat Sanagan, Co-Chair, Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in OntarioJulie A. Novak is an International MBA student, studying by means of the Schulich School of line of credit at York University in Ontario. Julie has alike complete her Masters Degree in Political light at the University of Toronto, and a Bachelor of learning Degree from the University of Victoria. She has held positions in Public form _or_ system of government in much(prenominal) places as Moldova and Geneva.This paper examines current plow styluss in the lush beverageic beverages diligence that can impact the e rattlingdays wellness and safety. It is important for domain health organizations to be aw argon of trends common to the diligence this will inform and bolster their efforts as watchdogs to manufacturers and retailers of boozer beverage.The abstract describes the critical elements of the merchandising mix, and makes a clear distinction between publicise and trade. advertizing is an important firearm of the merchandising mix however, in that location argon several other tactics and tools employed by marketers in the manufacture to influence consumer behaviour and to build strong gr assuagements. The paper reviews current trends in the inebriantic beverages useness generall(a)y, drawing specifically on some exercises from the globose beer industry.In the conjure to improver market parting, marketers will misrepresent their market strategies in response to industry trends, seeking synergie s that may exist between hauntship and advance. The paper as well discusses the use of bottle labels for marketing alcohol harvest-tides as an example of the all overlap of harvest-home and progress. This leads into a discourse of the relationship between publicizing and packaging and how they are employ to encourage picking of certain fools over others. Advertising trends, such(prenominal) as sexually explicit content and low-carb and health conscious media messages are similarly addressed.These are variables in the marketing mix. The endure section discusses the current guidelines concerning marketing and promotions and the position seizen by various habitual health groups such as ARAPO (Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in Ontario) in response to the current trends and tactics used in alcohol marketing and promotion with specific precaution to recommendations to regulators. 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The Canadian deluge beverages industry accommodates brewers, wine producers and distilled spirits manufacturers. Molson Inc. s the oldest beer inciter in the Canadian brewing industry and a global brand name with products that admit Molson Canadian, Molson Export, Molson DRY, Rickards, and Brazilian beer brands Kaiser and Bavaria. Total net gross gross sales for Molson in 2004 year closing curtain March 31 were $2. 5 cardinal. This amounted to annual utilitys of $2. 37 million1. Another Canadian favourite is John Labatt Ltd. , which is owned by the Belgium-based political party Interbrew. The stand by largest brewer by volume worldwide, Interbrew owns a portfolio consisting of, among others, Stella Artois, Carling, and the habitual Labatt line of beers.In 2003, Interbrew recorded a gross profit of 3. 6 billion, which resulted in a net profit of 505 million, after spending an incredible 1. 3 billion on sales and marketing2. The other three major players are Sleeman Breweries, Big flap create from raw material Income Trust, and t he Brick Brewing Co. Sleeman, a specialty brewed premium craft beer, recorded annual sales of $1. 85 million in 20033. Big rock music Brewing Income Trust recorded net sales of $28 million in 20034. The Brick Brewing Co. , responsible for Formosa and Red Cap brands among others, recorded gross sales of $11. million for the second rear end of 2004. This resulted in a record net income of $832,000 over a three-month period5. The Association of Canadian Distillers is the national trade association representing Canadas major distillers. The distilling industry has been estimated to generate $2. 6 billion worth of economic activity. Distillers include, among others Bacardi Canada Inc. Canadian obscure Distillers, Ltd. Hiram Walker & Sons, Ltd. Corby Distilleries, Ltd. Diageo Canada, Inc. and Schenley Distilleries Inc.These distillers produce popular spirits including tell ony, Gin, Cognac, Vodka, Rum, and the ever-popular Canadian Whiskey, Canadas just about established domesti c and exported distilled spirit. Since 1840, in that respect have been over 200 whiskey distilleries operating through out(p) the country, as Canada has gained recognition as a producer of high quality whiskey. This nature has resulted in billions of recorded sales for the Spirits industry. For example, Diageo recorded sales of US$ 15. 6 billion in 2003. Domestic and imported spirits sales for 2003 were recorded at nearly 15 million cases (12 750 ml. ottles)6. The Canadian Vintners Association is Canadas national association of vintners, representing 34 wineries and producing around 90% of Canadas gist wine production and export. Winery members include, among others, Jackson-Triggs, Peller Estate, and Hillebrand Estates. Total Canadian wine sales for 2002, was 267 million litres7. Molson Annual Report (2004). Interbrew Annual Report (2003). 3 Globe Investor (2004). 4 Big Rock Brewing Annual Report (2003). 5 Just-drinks. com (2004). 6 Association of Canadian Distillers (2004). 7 Canadian Vintners Association (2004). 1 2 1. 1 Marketing A Definition The difference between marketing and interchange is more than than semantic. Selling focuses on the inescapably of the seller marketing on the needs of the buyer8. According to the Business Knowledge Center, the Marketing Concept is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs better than the competition. 9 Additionally, despite misconceptions, marketing is not always publicize. In fact, advertizing equals only a small dissolve of the overall marketing mix.The variables of the marketing mix will manifest in quaint ways depending on industry characteristics as they are heavily influenced by local and global industry trends. 1. 2 Building Brand Community Building brand loyalty is key to the success of the marketing concept. Developing and exploiting crucial relationships among the customer and the brand, the customer and the firm, the c ustomer and the product in use, and among fellow customers10 is a scheme that leads to a belief that the buyer is part of a specific brands residential district.These relationships are important because they enable marketers to create brand loyalty and customer retention, which yield the promise of long-terminus favourableness and market share11. Like a social community, the brand community tends to be identified on the terms of commonality or identification among its members12. The brand community members identify through devotion to particular brands or consumption activities, which are connected to other symbols in the marketplace13.For example, a product that is endorsed by a popular celebrity or professional athlete will raise to certain brand communities or rump markets, but not all. Responses to marketing influences may be cognitive, emotional or material in personality and, ultimately, customers will value their relationships with their branded possessions and with mar keting agents14. The basis for community identification can be on wide-ranging commonalities that are delicate to detect. The stability of a brand community through time is an asset to marketers inasmuch as longevity equates with a stable market.Additionally, if marketers are able to successfully identify where a potence brand community exists, they can use it to bolster their marketing efforts and build brand loyalty. Furthermore, marketers will slew their strategies such that they resonate with particular alive communities. If used soundly, this knowledge can be a effectual tool for marketers, as they will have greater insight into some of the motivations behind consumer behaviour. 1. 3 planetary Alcoholic Beverage Perspective It is impossible to discuss the Canadian alcoholic beverages market without considering the global perspective.In particular, the global beer industry is facing increasing pressures 8 Levitt (1986). Business Knowledge Center (2004). 10 McAlexander et al. (2002). 11 ib. 12 ib. 13 ibid. 14 Ibid. 9 3 of internationalization and consolidation, which are both the result and the cause of industry-wide mergers, acquisitions, partnerships and strategic alliances. Facing low prospects for volume growth in mature, develop markets and increasing competition, brewers come up to seek growth through acquisitions of other brewers or by aggressive companionship in developing markets15.Indeed, the top ten brewers worldwide now account for more than half of the entire worlds beer, which is an industry first16. given the lack of volume growth opportunities in the North American market, the industry trend of increased marketing and advertising spending continues as companies try to differentiate their brands in a highly saturated market. Not only is the market saturated, but the marketing media are cluttered. In order to achieve standout in a cluttered industry, breweries continue to develop creative ideas that generate fervidness around th eir brands.Smaller breweries, in particular, try to increase brand recognition through provocative or juicy ad fight downs since they cannot hope to compete on the same scale as their larger antagonists with respect to the total amounts spent on marketing and advertising. 1. 4 The Marketing Mix It is important to understand all of the variables that comprise the marketing mix, or the 4Ps of marketing Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The 4Ps are the variables that marketers can control in order to exceed satisfy the customers in the target market17.First, the product is the physical product or the service offered to the consumer, which can include additional services or conveniences that are part of the offering. Marketers can adjust certain product characteristics such as the functionality, appearance, packaging, brand, quality and service. The second variable, price, reflects comp both considerations such as profit margin and competitor pricing, including discounts. Third, place refers to the decisions associated with routes of distribution that act as a means of reaching the target consumers.This includes the channel members along the supply chain, market coverage and the various service trains. Finally, promotion decisions are all those that name to communicating and selling the product to authority customers. These may include advertising, personal selling, media, public relations and budget. Thus, marketing is a multi-dimensional function that yields a variety of effects. In the alcoholic beverages industry, a mature and highly agonistic market, companies experiment with their marketing strategies regularly.The focus of this paper is primarily on promotion and product and, specifically, how these devil variables are manipulated in tandem by marketers to create powerful marketing strategies. 15 16 Todd (2004). Ibid. 17 McCarthy (1975). 4 1. 5 The Impact of Advertising on Consumption and Related Problems Alcohol sayrs use effective advertisi ng techniques to reach the youth market. such(prenominal) techniques link alcohol to physical realiseiveness and sexiness, crusade age identification through the use of spokes nation, and use humour, harmony and popular culture icons18.In 2002, $160 million was spent on alcohol advertising in Canada19 and alcohol appears in approximately both thirds of all programs watched by Canadian teens at an average rate of 8. 1 potable references per hour20. The consequences of alcohol advertising on public health and safety are considerable. Alcohol use plays a substantial role in all three leading causes of death among youth unintentional injuries (including motor vehicle fatalities and drowning), suicides and homicides21.Alcohol advertising is linked to patterns of surd drinking, drinking in dangerous situations and deaths from alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes22. In one study, the chances of drinking alcohol ruddiness by nearly 10% for teens who watched an extra hour of regul ar television programming per day23. 2. 0 real MARKETING TRENDS 2. 1 Synergies Between Promotion and Sponsorship Currently, a dominant trend in the alcohol industry is a link between promotion and sponsorship. Companies are attempting to capitalize on the ynergy that exists in this area as they move deeper into the global arena to achieve a greater return on their marketing expenditures. The term synergies denote opportunities for collaboration in which the result that can be achieved is greater than the sum of the individual efforts. An example is the positive spillover of media movie that results when a brand becomes the authoritative sponsor of an international sporting event, especially one with wide television coverage. In effect, this amounts to a cost-effective marketing campaign for the sponsoring order, assuming the outcome is conformable with the overall brand identity.Another factor contributing to the drive for synergies is the seasonality of this industry. Manufact urers prepare for the summer beverage-selling season by ramping up production, increasing their marketing and seeking sponsorship deals, which act as promotional vehicles for brisk launches and summer products. Sponsorship agreements with internationally acknowledge sporting events help to enable a brand to stand out among the clutter. McKenzie (2000). AC Neilson (2004). 20 Robinson et al. (1998). 21 AMA (2003). 22 McKenzie (2000). 23 Robinson et al. (1998). 19 18 2. 1. 1 Sports Sponsorships Alcohol manufactures are increasingly seeking contracts for official sponsorship of highprofile sporting events as they realize the opportunities for synergies between promotion and advertising. The Canadian Code of Advertising tie-upards, produced by Advertising Standards Canada states products prohibited from sale to bush league must not be advertised in such a way as to evoke curiously to persons under legal age. And people featured in advertisements for such products must be, and clear ly seen to be, adults under the law24. High profile sports sponsorships with a heavy advertising component riskiness being in violation of this regulation. Two of the major international sporting events in Canada, the Rogers instill in Montreal and the Tennis Masters Series in Toronto are sponsored by breweries. Sleeman is the official sponsor of Tennis Canada in Montreal Heineken, which is part of the Molson portfolio of brands, is the sponsor in Toronto. The situation in Canada reflects a global trend. In late 2003, Heineken signed a deal with the British Olympic Association ( feather boa) for exclusive sponsorship rights.The deal is part of a 50 million global entrustment by the brewer25, giving the company exclusive rights to the BOA logo. Sponsorship deals are considered an opportunity for alcohol manufacturers to establish global brand recognition in a agonistical industry. With huge budgets behind sponsorship deals, and the wide international exposure that results, it is very difficult for watchdogs to monitor the visibility of alcohol brands. The clientele and audiences at sporting events such as the Olympics are of all ages, youth included. at that placefore, limiting exposure of beer ads only to legal age consumers is nearly an impossible under winning. In April of 2004, NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car machine Racing) in the US was strongly considering changing its policy to allow hard-liquor brands to sponsor teams in its top tier Nextel Cup Series26. Though such a move could alleviate sponsorship problems for some drivers, it could threaten NASCARs entrust to become more family friendly. With this in mind, NASCAR rejected Diageos bid to become official sponsor.This move did not prevent Diageo from landing a sponsorship deal the company secured a top sponsorship contract for its brand spinning top Royal. bakshis Royal was signed to be the championship sponsor of the International Race of Champions (IROC), one of the NASCAR event s. This attach the first time a hard-liquor marketer was allowed a title sponsorship for any sport, although Diageos Smirnoff Ice tercet Black brand has sponsored individual drivers. However, when Diageos Crown Royal brand signed on as the title sponsor for the IROC series in January, NASCAR reiterated its ban on sponsorships from hard liquor and chewing tobacco companies.NASCAR has a long history of partnering with beer marketers for races, but accepting hard-liquor brands would be a complete reversal of NASCARs position. Such changes in sports sponsorship have vast implications for industry players, marketers and public health groups. In the case of Diageo, the sponsorship deal is one step toward 24 25 Advertising Standards Canada (2004). Anonymous (a) (2003). 26 Thomaselli (2004). p. 1 6 the achievement of the companys long-term goal of leveling the marketing playing field with beer. 7 As an example, with the three-year deal, Crown Royal will have extensive television exposure, since IROC just sealed a one-year TV pact with Speed Channel, a cable subsidiary of word Corp. s Fox28. Such exposure is difficult to track and, thus, even more difficult to regulate. Although spirits have so far been prohibited from bonny sponsors, hard-liquor companies can, and have, used their malt beverage products or RTD (Ready to Drink) products29 as sponsors. Diageos Smirnoff Ice, for instance, is one of the sponsors of driver Matt Kenseth, last years NASCAR champion. . 1. 2 Promotion and the Entertainment Industry Another advertising tactic used by liquor companies is cross-promotion with the cheer industry. This could include joint promotional campaigns between film studios and alcohol brands or between liquor companies and medicinal drug tours and concerts. An example is the new collaboration between Adolph Coors Co and Miramaxs Scary Movie 3, which was released at the end of 2003. Coors not only advertised around the promotion of this film, but it also had its spoke swomen, the Klimaskewski twins, appear in the film itself30.This technique is some other way for companies to realize synergies in marketing and promotion, as there exists the potential to reach a broader audience than could be reached through a simple television commercial or magazine ad. In this case, Coors was attacked by the Marin Institute a public health and safety group for its appointment in the film promotion. The Marin Institute accused Coors of defying the alcohol industrys guidelines by promoting its connection to this film31. Given the PG-13 rating of the film, there was no way of ensuring that under-age viewers were not exposed to the ads.In the music industry, there are many examples of activities involving cross-promotional campaigns with alcohol companies. These campaigns are used to achieve synergies from the combined effect of promotion and advertising. Molson Canadian uses this technique regularly, teaming up with Napster to provide music downloads and other special music offers. The company launched a campaign contend that involved the giveaway of a Molson Canadian Rocks Summer Soundtrack, as well as weekly chances to win concert tickets32.Trends in promotion and sponsorship in the alcohol industry are of concern to public health groups because they have the ability to reach a wide audience, with little or no regulation. Other forms of promotion and sponsorship exist, however a description of each is beyond the scope of this paper. 27 MacArthur (2004). Ibid. 29 RTD Ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages, such as Smirnoff Ice and mikes voteless Lemonade. 30 MacArthur (2003). 31 Ibid. 32 Molson Insider (2004). 28 7 3. 0 ALCOHOL MARKETING AND THE INTERNET Alcohol companies are using digital marketing as a medium.The Center for Alcohol Marketing and youthfulness (CAMY) in the US ensnare that alcohol company websites have sizeable youth audiences and contain content that is reapive to youth33. In particular, games, cartoons, music and a v ariety of high-tech downloads fill many of these sites. In addition, programs designed to allow parents to block their childrens ingress to these sites often fail to do so34. In fact, fifty-five alcohol websites tracked by comScore Media Metrix during the last six months of 2003 had almost 700,000 in-depth visits from nonaged persons35.Alcohol websites continue to be a cyber playground, with many features attractive to youth36. CAMY executive manager Jim OHara identifies content such as customized music downloads, instant-messaging accessories and games including putt-putt golf, football and spin the bottle37. A recent website canvass done by the Federal Trade relegatings (FTC) Division of Advertising Practices in the US found that both Coors and Anheuser-Busch have sites with downloadable music, online games and ring tones38.In fact, as teens start to log more hours surfing the weather vane than watching television, CAMY and other groups are calling for more regulation on the largely unregulated medium. Jim Hacker, director of the Alcohol Policies Project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, asserts, The industry should remove themes, music, manner of speaking and attr litigates that clearly appeal to underage people. 39 A key issue for health and safety groups is the ease of foiling the age requirement for viewing beer company websites.An age bar is supposed to weed out tendersters who find the sites attractive, but the investigation discovered that online forms can inadvertently tip kids to fill in spurt answers. The trade journal Brandweek visited two websites, Coorslight. com and Budweiser. com and was able to enter several fake birth dates from the same computer, gaining access each time40. When questioned, John Kaestner, VPconsumer affairs at Anheuser-Busch, said the brewer had followed federal guidelines in its age-check system. Other websites attracting vigilance from the FTC are Bacardi. om, Skyy. com and the Anheuser-Busch sit e BudLight. com, according to a study by CAMY 41. The telephone call is that these sites had the highest portionage of underage people making an in-depth visit during the second half of 2003. The findings, which were released in March 2004, showed that 59 percent, 47 percent and 34 percent of visitors who looked at three or more pages on those previously mentioned sites were underage42. Overall, minors initiated 13. 1 percent of in-depth visits to the 55 branded alcohol sites included in the study. 33Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth (2004). Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Mack (2004). 37 Ibid. 38 Edwards (2004). 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid. 34 8 This trend is especially worrying for public health and policy groups since the Internet knows no boundaries, and its content is therefore very difficult to regulate. Alcohol advertising on the web and music downloads have the power to reach all Internet users around the world, of any age. 4. 0 -THE ROLE OF LABELING AND PACKAGING IN ALCOHOL MARKETING The alcohol industry relies heavily on the use of labeling and packaging as a irectmarketing tool in the promotion and differentiation of its products. One of the obstacles facing design marketers is that while standout is paramount, they are all starting with the same structure a simple bottle or can43. Since it is not possible to have a vastly different pack, companies differentiate themselves with creative labels or packaging. Marketers in the alcohol industry aim to create synergies among label designs, packaging and advertising, such that the overall brand image more quickly achieves wide recognition.The intended result of this coordination is a more effective and structured means for alcohol companies to communicate with their consumer base, thus encouraging the selection of their product over another. If the product already has a strong brand identity, it is not critical to feature the pack in the ads. In this case, the advertising may be used to communicate other elements of the brand message to create the desired reputation and image with the target audience44. On the other hand, including a shot of the bottle in ads will sharpen brand awareness at point of sale and ensure a more integrated come near to branding45.Approximately 60 percent of people in bars and pubs have not decided what drink they sine qua non until after they get there46. This is an enormous opportunity for brands to reach their target markets directly at the retail level with eye-catching labels that resonate with consumers. Product labels are the final point of brand contact between the company and its customers before the purchase is made. Thus, a brands name and how it is shown on the label can be an effective way of generating sales. The main challenge is finding a way to differentiate a interchangeable product while developing a strong, consistent brand identity.This is an example of the interaction of product and promotion, two elements of the marketing mix. So me of the methods used in the ready-to-drink and premium beer sectors, for example, include shrink-wrapping, bright colours and innovations such as metallic-effect labels47. In addition to a unique label, a catchy name, such as Smirnoff Ice or Mikes Light will add symbolism and help increase standout and attract consumers. Brand awareness is critical for alcohol companies, and developing a strong brand is especially vital for new brands.The rationale for coordination between promotion and product is that young people, and other potential consumers, will see the campaign in Edwards (2004). Brabbs (2002). 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid. 47 Ibid. 44 43 9 cinemas and style magazines and more easily recognize it from other advertising media 48 . An additional reason to invest in labeling and packaging is flexibility. A shrink-wrap sleeve can be changed frequently, allowing the brand to adapt its appearance more easily to changing styles and trends.Unusual colours or unique label designs can help encou rage selection of one product over another at the retail level. The techniques used by marketers are very subtle, such as borrowing design language from parallel markets for encouraging cross purchasing such as Atkins friendly, light or low-carb. Finally, if a particular brand is experiencing low or declining sales, a company can easily reposition it by superficially altering the image and, hence, reinventing a product to reach a new market. 5. 0 TRENDS IN ADVERTISING TECHNIQUESCertain techniques are used by advertisers to attract and engage consumers to their products. These have traditionally included such techniques as humour, sex appeal, popular music, describing benefits of the product, and creating a fun, sweet atmosphere. These techniques are used very effectively by alcohol advertisers as well, as they create a high liking of advertisements among consumers49. High levels of effective alcohol promotion inculcate pro-drinking attitudes and increase the likelihood of heavier drinking50.For these reasons, the arrogant use of advertising techniques is a emergence concern among health and safety advocates. 5. 1 Sexually straight preliminary Content The alcoholic beverages industry has long been accused of exploiting male sexual fantasies in order to advertise its products. However, this approach has lately, in some opinions, reached new levels of exploitation. Early in 2004, Labatt Breweries of Canada aired an ad during the January Super sports stadium telecast that caused industry watchdogs to protest.The ad featured two beautiful women kissing, ostensibly to share lip-gloss51. Advertising Standards Canada (ASC) trustworthy 113 tutelages about this ad in the first quarter and it was soon taken off the air52. The ASC describe that there was nothing wrong with the ad, other than it should run after 930pm. This ad is representative of the simulated lesbianism trend in beer advertising, clearly a ploy to reach the male heterosexual audience. Labatt is not the only brewery to take this approach.During the same time period, Moosehead Light of New Brunswick launched a series of ads called Enjoy the Nature. In one of the ads, two men look on and crack open beer cans as two beautiful women dance sensually together in the forest. Ibid. Grube (1996). 50 Babor et al. (2003). 51 Brent (2004). 52 Ibid. 49 48 10 5. 2 Low-Carb Phenomenon & Health Benefits Alcohol marketers must understand the psycho-behavioural forces influencing choice in order to work effective marketing strategies. These forces are not easily identifiable in any industry.The beer and alcohol industry is not an exception and alcohol marketers have been slow to discern which factors most significantly influence brand selection. Although the sexual angle remains very common in alcohol promotion, the industry seems to be transmutation gears. Instead of trying to titillate men by invoking male fantasies, marketers are now instilling venerate in them about getting fat. In a feature article the pecuniary Times reported that beer marketers in the US have made an intriguing psychosexual discovery about male insecurity53.The controversy advanced is that men are increasingly more concerned with what they look like than how they will dress in the bedroom. Beer brands such as Anheuser-Buschs Michelob Ultra, Coors Light and SABMillers Miller Lite are centre their advertising on the millions of Americans on low-carbohydrate diets, which they have realized does not include only women. By contrast, marketing campaigns linking beers to explicitly sexual imagery have been less effective54. The implication for public health groups is that efforts aimed at regularization sexual content should be reexamined.It is possible that a greater impact could be achieved through aggressive targeting of ads that portray a health or nutritive benefit of alcohol consumption. As an example, Coors, the third-largest US brewer55, recently developed new ideas for its low-calori e Coors Light. The two-year campaign featuring scantily clad women and rock music was unsuccessful in increasing beer sales for the company. Beer companies are slowly discovering that sexual appeals are fun and diverting but they rarely change consumers brand preferences. The idea that light beer is less macho and thus less likely to appeal to young men is fading.In fact, it is difficult to think of a major beer company that has not introduced a low-carb brand. The success, in general, of low-carb offerings is evident in food store data compiled by AC Neilsen. In the four weeks ending June 12, 2004, sales volumes were up 56 percent for Michelob Ultra and 15. 6 percent for Miller Lite56. For Coors Lite, which has been slower to alter its marketing campaign, sales volumes were down 2. 7 percent57. Major breweries are reacting to evolving consumer demands and are providing what could be the emergence of a new sub-category of beer58.As more companies enter the low-carb market, the com petition increases for market share. This translates into bigger marketing and advertising budgets as companies fight for a larger slice of the market. The latest focus on a more health-conscious lifestyle has shifted the marketing emphasis away from sensuality and sex to body image and achieving athletic success. Some 53 54 Silverman (2004). Ibid. 55 Coors merged with Molson in July 2004. The new company is the 5th largest Brewery by market share worldwide. 56 AC Neilson (2004). 57 Ibid. 8 Brieger (2003). 11 industry experts expect this trend to bring around if not because of Atkins devotees but because of aging baby boomers, who tend to prefer light and low-carb beers59. The way forward in the alcoholic beverages industry will be through low-carb advertising, which can be seen as a serious response by the beer industry to a common male anxiety about growing fat, the proliferation of a healthy lifestyle among consumers, and the widespread belief of certain health benefits in drink ing a low-calorie, low-carbohydrate beverage60.The low-carb trend is not exclusive to the beer industry. In May of 2004, the Vancouverbased Marc Anthony Group launched a new vodka-based beverage called Mikes Light, which was targeted at the millions of Canadians on low-carb diets. The lemon-lime beverage, which is part of the ready-to-drink (RTD) alcoholic market, contains just one gram of carbohydrate and 76 calories and is expected to bring new drinkers into the market61. Already, the RTD market in Canada is estimated to be worth $450 million per year in sales.Additionally, with its low- calorie and low-carb options, the RTD market has the potential to increase consumption of alcoholic beverages as consumers switch from light muted drinks to lighter malternatives62. Marketers in this industry are deliberate in promoting RTD products as alternatives for the health and weight-conscious consumer. It is misleading for brewers to promote low-carb beer as being Atkins friendly or as ha ving overall health benefits and doing so goes against the Canadian food for thought Inspection Agencys 2003 Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising. Under these guidelines, lowcarbohydrate claims are not approved.Similarly, according to Advertising Standards Canada, No advertisement shall be presented in a format or style which conceals its commercial intent63. This pertains to misrepresenting beer as having health or athletic benefits. The low-carb claim is of concern to public health groups such as ARAPO because it is both misleading to consumers and has the potential to influence consumer behaviour. 6. 0 ACTIONS TO ADDRESS CONCERNS ABOUT THE MARKETING OF ALCOHOL There have been several responses to concerns about the impact of alcohol marketing ranging from education and awareness to legal action and civil suits.Internationally, there are groups that advocate changes in alcohol marketing regulations as well as educate professionals and the public about the risks associated with a proliferation of alcohol marketing efforts. These include Global Alcohol Policy Alliance (UK) www. ias. org. uk Euro make do Advocacy for the prevention of alcohol related harm in Europe (Europe) www. eurocare. org Center for Science in the Public Interest Alcohol Policies Project (US) www. cspinet. org Ibid. Business World (2004). 61 Bellet (2004). 62 The market or ready to drink alcoholic beverages is called the malternative market in the US. 63 Advertising Standards Canada (2004). 60 59 12 BeerSoaksAmerica. org A Response to beer company propaganda (US) www. beersoaksamerica. org The Marin Institute (US) www. marininstitute. org Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth (US) www. camy. org In Canada, there are guidelines for advertisers that outline what are considered appropriate tactics for marketing products. These guidelines can be found on the Advertising Standards Canada (ASC) website (www. adstandards. om) for all forms of advertising or on the Canadian Radio and Teleco mmunications missionary work (CRTC) website (www. crtc. gc. ca) for radio and TV ads. Currently these guidelines are not enforced and rely on a unpaid worker paid-submission to ASC by the advertiser. Alcohol is one product that seems to have fallen prey to this lack of regulation with many advertisers outright disregarding the guidelines. In Ontario, there are alcohol-advertising guidelines that are overseen by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO) and can be found at www. gco. on. ca. Before 1997, the CRTC was involved in pre-screening advertisements before they were aired. In 1997, this state was transferred to ASC for national cases, and the AGCO for Ontario specific cases. However, in 1997 the regulations changed to guidelines and preclearance was replaced with voluntary submission. As a result, the responsibility of monitoring alcohol advertising shifted from the CRTC to the general public, as advertisements are now only challenged based on a complaint format.Ad vertisers, fearing very little in terms of consequences, often disregard the guidelines completely, particularly the following Alcohol advertising should not appeal to persons under the legal drinking age associate drinking with activities that require care and skill imply that drinking is required in enhancing enjoyment of any activity imply that drinking is required in obtaining sexual opportunity or appeal64. A study done by CAMY in 2002 found that as the alcohol industry increased its advertising expenditures, more ads were seen by youth.In fact, all 15 of the shows most popular among teenagers included alcohol ads. Survivor, Fear Factor and That 70s Show were among those with the most ads65. The dramatic increase in youths exposure to alcohol brands in magazine and TV advertising suggests that the industrys guidelines are so permissive that, in practice, they amount to no limits at all. Concerned about the lack of regulation and increase in alcohol ads and as a result, inc rease in consumption health and safety advocates respond to aggressive marketing with specific strategies, as discussed next. . 1 Awareness, Education and Skill Building The Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in Ontario (ARAPO) is funded by the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care to provide resources and support to individuals and groups about media literacy and critical thinking skills as they apply particularly to 64 65 AGCO (2003). Anonymous (c) (2004). 13 alcohol. Resources include research papers and presentations to youth and health promotion professionals about the impact of alcohol advertising on youth drinking patterns, particularly heavy drinking. 6. 2 Internet ActionThe Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth uses a vivid Internet presence to attract viewers to their site to examine what others are doing around alcohol marketing. Along with a searchable marketing impetus and steps to take action, CAMY regularly publishes research papers on Youth and Alcohol. An ex ample of this is a recent paper titled The Internet, Alcohol, and Youth, which looks at the impact of Internet alcohol websites on underage drinkers. It is available through CAMYs website at www. camy. org. 6. 3 Complaints to Regulators and ResultsWhile ASC does not demand that advertisers clear their ads before going to the public, they do respond to complaints by the public. A recent example of this was the Don blood-red Bubba ad that was pulled following complaints that Don Cherry is seen as a role model for underage youth and therefore could not be used as a spokesperson for beer. Groups like the Ontario Public Health Association, responding to concerns about the impact of alcohol advertising on the publics health and safety, have sent recommendations to both the boor and the federal regulative bodies. These recommendations include Continued pre-clearance of alcohol ads, at the final stage of production by federal and provincial bodies with a strong public interest manda te More effective regulation of lifestyle alcohol advertising, promotions and sponsorships Establishing clear guidelines regarding industry-sponsored responsible drinking messages and public education programs, particularly those appealing to, or directed at, young people Capping the total amount of alcohol advertising and introduce improved mechanisms for monitoring compliance with existing or new regulations Focusing on effective deterrence, monitoring and enforcement measures.This would include a stronger role for community groups in the monitoring and enforcement of federal and provincial advertising provisions, including membership in panels previewing and monitoring alcohol advertising66. 6. 4 Class Action Suits Against Alcoholic Beverages Industry Consumers attorneys across the U. S. have begun to target the alcoholic beverages industry, filing lawsuits that claim that some leading brewers and distillers are using slick advertising to sell products to underage drinkers67.In N ovember 2003, attorneys led by David Boies III filed suit against brewers Coors and Heineken, distillers Diageo and 66 67 OPHA Position Paper (2003). Willing (2004). 14 Bacardi and the makers of Zima and Mikes onerous Lemonade68. The suit accused the companies of using a long-running, sophisticated and deceptive scheme to market alcoholic beverages to children and other underage consumers69 Boeis lawsuit alleges that alcohol companies place ads in magazines such as Stuff, FHM and Spin that appeal to males under the age of 21, or in Glamour, which is oriented toward females of similar ages70.The suit claims that ads placed in these magazines are designed to push people younger than 21 to obtain alcohol illegally71. The same is true in TV advertising, where many alcohol ads reach young people not old enough to drink. The class-action suits filed against the alcohol industry since November 2003 have caused alarm in the industry because the lawyer behind them is David Boies, who repres ented the Justice discussion section in its antitrust action against Microsoft72. The suits claim that booze ads targeted at adults spill over onto younger audiences73.According to another law suit filed in Los Angeles Superior Court in 2004, AnheuserBusch and Miller Brewing are targeting minors through ads and developing products that look and taste like soft drinks in order to lure underage consumers to their brands74. The suit claims that beer-makers are marketing alcoholic beverages known as Alco pops to minors. These include Doc Otis Hard Lemon Malt Beverage, which is made by AnhesuerBusch, and Millers Jack Daniels Original Hard Cola. Both of these beverages closely resemble soda pop with sweet flavours, bright colours and youth-oriented packaging. CONCLUSIONThe domestic alcoholic beverages market is considered mature, with limited opportunities for growth. One way for alcohol manufacturers to increase their sales volume is by taking market share away from their competitors an other is to expand the overall size of the market. To achieve these goals, alcohol manufacturers continue to invest substantial resources and capital into their marketing strategies because they believe it is necessary for expanding the market and increasing their margins. It will be important that public health groups focus their research on certain elements in the marketing mix.These include where the product is sold and what are the broad social trends marketers are using to communicate with target markets. This outline summarizes significant influences in consumer behaviour. 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